CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIDIABETIC AND IMMUNOSTIMULATING EFFICACY OF POLYSACCHARIDE EXTRACT FROM Syzygium cumini (L.) SEEDS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/abr.2025.27.01.2Keywords:
Antioxidant activity, α-amylase, candidacidal effect, α glucosidase, polysaccharides, Syzygium cuminiAbstract
Syzygium cumini L., belonging to the family Myrtaceae, is an edible fruit well known for its nutritional values and several beneficial effects on human health. The present study aimed to isolate polysaccharides from S. cumini seeds and assess their biological activities. The S. cumini polysaccharide (SCP) was extracted using a hot water extraction process followed by ethanol precipitation and subjected to physiochemical characterization. UV-visible spectrum analysis confirmed the extract to be a protein-free polysaccharide, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed its functional groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images depicted a smooth and non-porous surface morphology, while thin-layer chromatography (TLC) indicated the presence of monosaccharide constituents in crude polysaccharide hydrolysates. SCP exhibited high total antioxidant capacity and strong radical scavenging activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Additionally, SCP effectively inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase, enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, SCP enhanced the intracellular killing activity of stimulated neutrophils and increased neutrophil candidacidal activity in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that polysaccharides isolated from S. cumini seeds possess significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, and immunostimulatory properties.Downloads
References
Ahmadi, S., Sheikh, Z.M., Soleimanian, Z.S., Alihosseini, F. and Yadav, H. 2019. Effects of different drying methods on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of isolated acorn polysaccharides. Lebensm Wiss Technology, 100: 1-9.
Al-Dhabi, N.A. and Ponmurugan, K. 2020. Microwave-assisted extraction and characterization of polysaccharide from waste jamun fruit seeds. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 152: 1157-1163.
22 Divya Gopalakrishnan et al.
Aung, E., Kristanti, A., Aminah, N., Takaya, Y. and Ramadhan, R. 2020. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review. Open Chemistry, 18: 1256-1281.
Ayyanar, M. and Subash-Babu, P. 2012. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels: A review of its phytochemical constituents and traditional uses. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2: 240-246. Bagchi, S. and Kumar, K.J. 2016. Studies on water soluble polysaccharides from Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. seeds. Carbohydrate Polymers, 138: 215-221.
Bhanwase, A.S. and Alagawadi, K.R. 2016. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract and its fractions of leaves of Ficus benghalensis Linn. Pharmacognosy Research, 8: 50-55.
Chen, F. and Huang, G. 2019. Extraction, derivatization and antioxidant activity of bitter gourd polysaccharide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 141: 14-20. de Araújo, A.N.V., de Souza, E.L., dos Santos N.D., Alves,J.M., Sampaio, K.B., da Silva, S.R.F. et al., 2024. Revisiting the nutritional and functional value and health-promoting potential of Syzygium species. Journal of Functional Foods, 118: 106265. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff. 2024.106265]. Delattre, C., Fenoradosoa, T.A. and Michaudll, P. 2011. Galactans: an overview of their most important sourcing and applications as natural polysaccharides. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 54: 1075-1092.
Deng, Y., Huang, L., Zhang, C., Xie, P., Cheng, J., Wang, X. et al., 2020. Novel polysaccharide from Chaenomelesspeciosa seeds: Structural characterization, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity evaluation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 153: 755-766.
Dong, X.D., Yu, J., Feng, Y.Y., Ji, H.Y., Yu, S.S. and Liu, A.J. 2019. Alcohol-soluble polysaccharide from Castanea mollissima Blume: Preparation, characteristics and antitumor activity. Journal of Functional Foods, 63: 103563. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103563].
Eljoudi, S., Feki, A., Bkhairia, I., Barkia, A., Ben Amara, I., Nasri, M. et al., 2022. New polysaccharides extracted from Malcolmia triloba: Structure characterization, biological properties and application to beef meat preservation. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 107: 104380. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104380].
He, X., Fang, J., Guo, Q., Wang, M., Li, Y., Meng, Y. et al., 2020. Advances in antiviral polysaccharides derived from edible and medicinal plants and mushrooms. Carbohydrate Polymers, 229: 115548. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115548].
Heroor, S., Beknal, A.K. and Mahurkar, N. 2011. Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extracts of Ficus glomerata Roxb. leaf, fruit and bark in cyclophosphamide induced mice. International Journal of Modern Botany, 1: 4-7.
Hu, H.B., Liang, H.P., Li, H.M., Yuan, R.N., Sun, J., Zhang, L.L., et al., 2018. Isolation, purification, characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from the stem barks of Acanthopanax leucorrhizus. Carbohydrate Polymers, 196: 359-367.
Huang, L., Huang, M., Shen, M., Wen, P., Wu, T., Hong, Y. et al., 2019. Sulfated modification enhanced the antioxidant activity of Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide and its protective effect on cellular oxidative stress. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 136: 1000-1006.
Kumar, M., Zhang, B., Nishad, J., Verma, A., Sheri, V. and Dhumal S. 2022. Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) seed: A review on nutritional profile, functional food properties, health-promoting applications, and safety aspects. Processes, 10: 2169. Kumar, S. and Singh, B. 2021. Syzygium cumini (Jamun) its medicinal uses. International Journal of Unani and Integrative Medicine, 5: 89-97.
Lee, Y.K., Jung, S.K. and Chang, Y.H. 2020. Rheological properties of a neutral polysaccharide extracted from maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) roots with prebiotic and anti-inflammatory activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 152: 757-765.
Bioactive polysaccharides isolated from Syzygium cumini seeds 23
Li, W., Wang, Y., Wei, H., Zhang, Y., Guo, Z., Qiu, Y., et al., 2020. Structural characterization of Lanzhou lily (Lilium Davidii var. unicolor) polysaccharides and determination of their associated antioxidant activity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100: 5603-5616.
Lin, Y., Pi, J., Jin, P., Liu, Y., Mai, X., Li, P. and Fan, H. 2022. Enzyme and microwave co-assisted extraction, structural characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from purple heart radish. Food Chemistry, 372: 131274. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131274].
Liu, Z.H., Niu, F.J., Xie, Y.X., Xie, S.M., Liu, Y.N., Yang, Y.Y., et al., 2020. A review: Natural poly saccharides from medicinal plants and microorganisms and their anti-herpetic mechanism. Biomedicine &Pharmacotherapy, 129: 110469. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110469].
Lv, Q.Q., Cao, J.J., Liu, R. and Chen, H.Q. 2021. Structural characterization, α-amylase and α glucosidase inhibitory activities of polysaccharides from wheat bran. Food Chemistry, 341: 128218. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128218].
Ma, J.S., Liu, H., Han, C.R., Zeng, S.J., Xu, X.J., Lu, D.J. et al., 2020. Extraction, characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Pouteria campechiana seed. Carbohydrate Polymers, 229:115409. [doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115409].
Mohammed, J.K., Mahdi, A.A., Ahmed, M.I., Ma, M. and Wang, H. 2020. Preparation, deproteinization, characterization, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Medemia argun fruit. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 155: 919-926.
Patel, M.K., Tanna, B., Gupta, H., Mishra, A. and Jha, B. 2019. Physicochemical, scavenging and anti-proliferative analyses of polysaccharides extracted from psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk) husk and seeds. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 133: 190–201.
Patil, J.K., Jalalpure, S.S., Hamid, S. and Ahirrao, R.A. 2010. In-vitro immunomodulatory activity of extracts of Bauhinia vareigata Linn stem bark on human neutrophils. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 9: 41-46.
Qamar, M., Akhtar, S., Ismail, T., Wahid, M., Abbas, M.W., Mubarak, M.S., et al., 2022. Phytochemical profile, biological properties, and food applications of the medicinal plant Syzygium cumini. Foods, 11: 378. [https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030378].
Rawat, P., Bachheti, R.K., Kumar, N. and Rai, N. 2018. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of in vitro immunomodulatory activity of Rhododendron arboreum leaves. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11: 123-128.
Rizvi, M.K., Rabail, R., Munir, S., Inam, R.M., Qayyum, M.M.N., Kieliszek, M., et al., 2022. Astounding health benefits of jamun (Syzygium cumini) toward metabolic dyndrome. Molecules. 27: 7184. [https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217184].
Rjeibi, I., Feriani, A., Hentati, F., Hfaiedh, N., Michaud, P. and Pierre G. 2019. Structural characterization of water-soluble polysaccharides from Nitraria retusa fruits and their antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 129: 422-432.
Sevag, M.G., Lackman, D.B. and Smolens, J. 1938. The isolation of the components of Streptococcal nucleoproteins in serologically active form. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 124: 425-436. Shantilal, S. and Vaghela, J.S. 2020. Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extracts
of Moringa concanensis nimmo in mice. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 11: 187-194. Shao, S., Wang, D., Zheng, W., Li, X., Zhang, H., Zhao, D. et al., 2019. A unique polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus mycelium ameliorates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis rats by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids levels and GPR41/43 respectors. International Immunopharmacology, 71: 411-422.
Shen, D.D., Li, X., Qin, Y.L., Li, M.T., Han, Q.H., Zhou, J., et al., 2019. Physicochemical properties, phenolic profiles, antioxidant capacities, and inhibitory effects on digestive enzymes of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruit at different maturation stages. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56:1275-1286.
24 Divya Gopalakrishnan et al.
Shi, J.J., Zhang, J.G., Sun, Y.H., Qu, J., Li, L., Prasad, C. et al., 2016. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides sequentially extracted from peony seed dreg. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 91: 23-30.
Shi, L. 2016. Bioactivities, isolation and purification methods of polysaccharides from natural products: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 92: 37-48. Slima, S.B., Ktari, N., Trabelsi, I., Moussa, H., Makni, I. and Salah, R.B. 2018. Purification, characterization, and antioxidant properties of a novel polysaccharide extracted from Sorghum bicolor(L.) seeds in sausage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 106:168-178. Sun, J., Zhou, B., Tang, C., Gou, Y., Chen, H., Wang, Y., et al., 2018. Characterization, antioxidant activity, and hepatoprotective effect of purple sweet potato polysaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 115: 69-76. Sun, Y., Yang, X., Lu, X., Wang, D. and Zhao, Y. 2013. Protective effects of Keemun black tea polysaccharides on acute carbon tetrachloride-caused oxidative hepatotoxicity in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 58: 184-192.
Sunitha, K. and Nagulu, M. 2019. In vitro screening of immunomodulatory activity of methanolic leaves extract of Tecoma stans. International Research Journal of Pharmcy and Medical Sciences, 2: 52-54.
Tabarsa, M., You, S., Yelithao, K., Palanisamy, S., Prabhu, N.M. and Nan, M. 2020 Isolation, structural elucidation and immuno-stimulatory properties of polysaccharides from Cuminum cyminum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 230: 115636. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115636].
Tamiello, C.S., Adami, E.R., de Oliveira, N.M.T., Acco, A., Iacomini, M. and Cordeiro, L.M.C. 2018. Structural features of polysaccharides from edible jambo (Syzygium jambos) fruits and antitumor activity of extracted pectins. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 118: 1414- 1421.
Tian, L., Zhao, Y., Guo, C. and Yang, X. 2011. A comparative study on the antioxidant activities of an acidic polysaccharide and various solvent extracts derived from herbal Houttuynia cordata. Carbohydrate Polymers, 83: 537-544.
Thakur, V.K. 2017. Biopolymer Grafting: Synthesis and Properties. Elsevier, New York, USA. Thambiraj, S.R., Phillips, M., Koyyalamudi, S.R. and Reddy, N. 2015. Antioxidant activities and characterisation of polysaccharides isolated from the seeds of Lupinus angustifolius. Industrial Crops and Products, 74: 950-956.
Trinh, B.T., Staerk, D. and Jäger, A.K. 2016. Screening for potential α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory constituents from selected Vietnamese plants used to treat type 2 diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 186: 189-195.
Wang, L., Liu, F., Wang, A., Yu, Z., Xu, Y. and Yang, Y. 2017. Purification characterization and bioactivity determination of a novel polysaccharide from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seeds. Food Hydrocolloids, 66: 357-364.
Wang, L., Chen, C., Zhang, B., Huang, Q., Fu, X. and Li, C. 2018. Structural characterization of a novel acidic polysaccharide from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit and its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Food and Function, 9: 3974-3985.
Wang, Z., Zhao, X., Liu, X., Lu, W., Jia, S., Hong, T., et al., 2019. Anti-diabetic activity evaluation of a polysaccharide extracted from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 126: 209-214.
Wu, G.J., Liu, D., Wan, Y.J., Huang, X.J. and Nie, S.P. 2019. Comparison of hypoglycemic effects of polysaccharides from four legume species. Food Hydrocolloids, 90: 299-304. Xie, J.H.., Jin, M.L., Morris, G.A., Zha, X.Q., Chen, H.Q., Yi, Y., et al., 2016. Advances on bioactive polysaccharidesfrommedicinal plants. Critical ReviewsinFood Science andNutrition, 56: 60-84. Xu, Y., Gao, Y., Liu, F., Niu, X., Wang, L., Li, X., et al., 2018. Sulfated modification of the polysaccharides from blackcurrant and their antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 109:1344-1354.
Yadav, H. and Karthikeyan, C. 2019. Natural polysaccharides: Structural features and properties. pp. 1-17. In: Polysaccharide Carriers for Drug Delivery (eds. S. Maiti and S. Jana). Woodhead Publishing, New York, USA.
Yadav, S., Bhargav, M., Ramya, R., Laureen, and Habeeb, N. 2016. In vitro antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of Citrullus lanatus seed. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 5: 679-685.
Ye, C.L., Hu, W.L. and Dai, D.H. 2011. Extraction of polysaccharides and the antioxidant activity from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 49: 466-470.
Zhang, Z., Xiao, Z. and Linhardt, R.J. 2009. Thin layer chromatography for the separation and analysis of acidic carbohydrates. Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, 32: 1711-1732.
Zhang, Z., Kong, F., Ni, H., Mo, Z., Wan, J.B., Hua, D. et al., 2016. Structural characterization, α glucosidase inhibitory and DPPH scavenging activities of polysaccharides from guava. Carbohydrate Polymers, 144: 106-114.
Zhang, X., Li, M., Zhong, L., Peng, X. and Sun, R. 2016. Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from bamboo (Phyllostachys acuta) leaves and their antioxidant activity. BioResources, 11: 5100-5112.
