Animal Reproduction Update
type: channel
description: Animal Reproduction Update is an international peer-reviewed open-access online journal that publishes various types of high-quality articles includes original research, review, mini-review, short communication, editorial, commentary, opinion paper, perspective and many more related to animal reproduction such as embryology, andrology, reproductive endocrinology, reproductive genetics, reproductive immunology, infertility, and advanced assisted reproduction. The journal is having a primary interest to provide state-of-the-art coverage on basic, translational, and cutting-edge technologies applied for the advancement in animal reproduction. The published articles shall be useful for teaching, researchers and policymakers as they provide interesting, clearly written updates on important new developments in the subject. Indexing Details: Ebsco, Google Scholar, Base, Crossref, ICI, ASI
publisher: ACS Publisher
language: en
publication name: Animal Reproduction Update
issn: 2583-326X
items: Buffalo Bull Fertility: Key Factors and Predictive Markers
items: Os Penis Fracture Resulting in Urethral Obstruction in a Dog: A Case Report
items: Early Embryonic Mortality in Bovines: Current Insights and Interventions
items: Management of Dystocia in Buffalo by Partial Percutaneous Fetotomy: A Case Report
items: Effect of Oral Administration of Royal Jelly towards Fertility Performance of Rabbit through Artificial Insemination
items: Dystocia due to Breech Presentation of Dicephalus Tetrabrachius Dipus Is chiopagus and Dicaudatus Monster in Buffalo: A Case Report
items: Surgical Management of Over-gestation in a Female Dog: A Case Report
items: Fetal Ascites in a Cow: A Case Report
items: Incomplete Cervical Dilation with Fetal Mummification in Goat: A Case Report
items: Obstetrical Management of Dystocia due to Schistosoma Reflexus in A Murrah Buffalo
items: Medical Termination of Pregnancy in Queen
items: Manegement of Dystocia due to Acute Extreme Lateral Deviation of Head and Neck in Cattle: A Case Report
items: A rare case of congenital anomalies of hydrocephalus, cystic cephalus, microphthalmia and cleft lip on foetus – a case report
items: Cervicotomy for the management of dystocia due to prepartum cervico-vagino prolapse and Incomplete Cervical Dilation (ICD) in cow: A case report
items: Therapeutics and management of persistent cases of Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour: an Update
items: CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF DYSTOCIA DUE TO FETAL ASCITES IN A BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS)
items: Buffaloes are ‘Black Gold’ not Black Cows
items: Curcumin supplementation ameliorates heat stress and affects early embryonic development
items: Dystocia due to polymelia calf in cattle – a case report
items: Protective Efficacy of Cholesterol-Loaded Cyclodextrin (CLC) Against Sperm Morphological Abnormalities in Marwari Stallions
items: Comparative Protein Profiling of Blood and Milk of Early Pregnant Buffaloes Using SDS-PAGE
items: Management of dystocia due to Schistosomus Reflexus - a case report
items: Management of vulvar hypoplasia by performing episiotomy in cow - a case report
items: FETAL MUMMIFICATION IN GOAT: A CASE REPORT
items: Role of MicroRNAs in Mammalian Reproduction
items: Fertility Augmentation of Non-Descript Delayed Pubertal Cattle Heifers through Mineral Mixture Supplementation and Hormonal Intervention
items: ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVE NETWORK FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BOVINE FEMALE INFERTILITY DISORDERS IN GUJARAT
items: Hypobaric hypoxia affects the reproductive physiology of dairy cattle
items: Hair Cortisol: A Biomarker of Chronic Stress in Animals and its Association with Reproduction
items: Developmental Competence of Embryo vis-à-vis Lipopolysaccharide

Buffalo Bull Fertility: Key Factors and Predictive Markers
type: item
description: Buffalo bull fertility is pivotal to reproductive success and genetic improvement in the dairy sector, especially in regions with high buffalo populations such as India. Despite their economic importance, reproductive inefficiencies, most notably low conception rates after artificial insemination, remain major challenges. Male fertility is a complex trait influenced by sperm quality, seminal plasma composition, hormonal and biochemical profiles, genetic determinants, and environmental factors. Key functional markers associated with high fertility include elevated sperm motility (total 77.6%, progressive 73.73%), membrane and acrosome integrity (74.17% and 92.83%, respectively) in fertile bulls versus significantly lower values in sub-fertile animals. Important seminal plasma biochemical markers such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are all higher in fertile buffalo bulls, for example, LH at 0.28 ± 0.02 mU/ mL and testosterone at 0.53 ± 0.02 ng/mL in fertile animals. Fertile bulls also show superior antioxidant capacity (TAC, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and nitric oxide) and lower oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA). Proteomic studies have identified differentially abundant sperm proteins such as AKAP3, AKAP4, Sp17, and PDIA3 (upregulated in high fertility) while DLD is downregulated, all strongly linked to sperm motility, structural integrity, and zona pellucida binding. Transcriptomic profiling further highlights up-regulated hub genes (e.g., RPL36AL, EIF5A, RPLP0) as promising molecular markers for sperm quality and fertility assessment. Integrating conventional semen analysis with molecular technologies, including omics-based biomarker identification, offers improved accuracy in fertility prediction and supports effective selection of breeding bulls. These strategies are essential for optimizing reproductive outcomes, minimizing economic losses, and advancing sustai…
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Artificial insemination efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Buffalo bull fertility
  topic: keywords
subject: Semen quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Seminal plasma biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Proteomics and transcriptomics
  topic: keywords
creator: Sushil Kumar
creator: Newton Biswas
creator: S K Ghosh
creator: Neeraj Srivastava
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 24
ending page: 33
doi: 10.48165/aru.2025.5.2.3

Os Penis Fracture Resulting in Urethral Obstruction in a Dog: A Case Report
type: item
description: Fracture of the os penis (FOP) is a rare and underreported condition in dogs that can result in serious complications, including urethral obstruction. This report documents the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and successful surgical management of a 7-year-old male mongrel dog with urethral obstruction secondary to an os penis fracture. The dog presented with pollakiuria, dysuria, penile swelling, abdominal distension, and urinary dribbling. Clinical examination revealed a distended bladder and pain on urination, and catheterization was unsuccessful. Radiographic imaging (ventrodorsal and lateral views) confirmed a fracture of the os penis, while ultrasonography revealed urinary bladder distension and urethral dilation proximal to the fracture. Surgical correction involved scrotal urethrostomy and castration under general anaesthesia. Pre-medication included glycopyrrolate, diazepam, and butorphanol, followed by induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. The urethral mucosa was sutured to the skin using non-absorbable polyamide 3-0 sutures, and a urinary catheter was placed to maintain patency. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with restoration of normal urination and a reduction in serum creatinine to 1.2 mg/dL. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention in os penis fractures complicated by urethral obstruction.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: os penis fracture
  topic: keywords
subject: scrotal urethrostomy
  topic: keywords
subject: urethral obstruction
  topic: keywords
subject: Dog
  topic: keywords
subject: dysuria
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahesh Kumar
creator: Uttam Kumar Sahu
creator: Kiranjeet Singh
creator: Aswathy Gopinathan
creator: Sanjay Kumar Yadav
creator: Kamalesh Kumar KS
creator: T Sai Kumar
creator: Chandana L
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
starting page: 21
ending page: 23
doi: 10.48165/aru.2025.5.2.2

Early Embryonic Mortality in Bovines: Current Insights and Interventions
type: item
description: Early embryonic mortality (EEM) is a critical reproductive challenge in bovines, significantly impacting fertility, milk production, and farm economics. Despite high fertilization rates, embryonic losses during the first 24 days of gestation remain a major bottleneck in achieving optimal conception rates. This review synthesizes current understanding of the multifactorial aetiology of EEM, encompassing genetic, endocrine, immunological, nutritional, environmental, and managerial factors. Species, breed, age, parity, milk yield, and stress are all associated with increased embryonic loss. Endocrine disruptions such as luteal phase defects and inadequate progesterone levels are frequently implicated. Immune system dysfunction, including maternal fetal immunological incompatibility and subclinical infections, further compromises embryo viability. Diagnostic tools such as early pregnancy factor, preimplantation factor, progesterone assays, ultrasonography, and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) allow early detection of EEM. Therapeutic interventions include hormonal supplementation (GnRH, hCG, progesterone, kisspeptin), immunomodulators, endometrial receptor modulators, and nutritional strategies such as omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and insulin-based regimens. Assisted reproductive technologies like embryo transfer and embryo co-transfer offer promising alternatives for repeat breeder animals. Preventive strategies emphasize precise AI timing, estrus detection, heat stress mitigation, and improved nutritional management to enhance uterine receptivity and embryo survival. This review underscores the need for integrated, individualized approaches to managing EEM, combining diagnostics with targeted therapeutic and environmental interventions. Future research directions include identifying novel biomarkers, refining genomic selection for fertility traits, and leveraging AI-based tools for real-time reproductive monitoring. A comprehensive understanding of EEM …
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Early embryonic mortality
  topic: keywords
subject: Early Pregnancy Factor
  topic: keywords
subject: Endometrial receptor modulators
  topic: keywords
subject: Luteal phase defects
  topic: keywords
subject: Preimplantation factor
  topic: keywords
subject: Recombinant interferon-tau
  topic: keywords
creator: Uttam Kumar Sahu
creator: Amit Kumar
creator: Brijesh Kumar
creator: Manas Kumar Patra
creator: Meraj Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-06
publication date: 2025-10-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 20
doi: 10.48165/aru.2025.5.2.1

Management of Dystocia in Buffalo by Partial Percutaneous Fetotomy: A Case Report
type: item
description: A five-year-old, nondescript buffalo in her third parity, with a history of 9 months of gestation, in labour pain since 12h, was presented at the Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, with no further progression and a ruptured water bag. It was previously attended by a paravet in the morning with faulty manual traction, causing the forelimbs to track outside the vulva up to the fetlock joint with no further progression. Clinical examination revealed an increase in respiration and pulse rate with rectal temperature 102.6ºF was recorded. On per rectal and per vaginal examination, there was complete dilation of the cervix, the foetal presentation was anterior longitudinal dorso-sacral position, and the head and neck were extremely downward deviated in terms of posture, while the forelimbs were outside the vulva up to the fetlock joint. Successful management of dystocia with partial percutaneous fetotomy and mutational operation was performed with uneventful recovery of the animal.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Buffalo
  topic: keywords
subject: dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: head deviation
  topic: keywords
subject: percutaneous fetotomy
  topic: keywords
subject: mutation
  topic: keywords
creator: Saurabh Nistane
creator: Aadhithya Muthuswamy J
creator: Pachaiyappan M
creator: Vishnu Vadera
creator: Manish Solanki
creator: Neeraj Srivastava
creator: Brijesh Kumar
creator: MH Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 12
ending page: 14
doi: 10.48165/aru.2025.5.1.4

Effect of Oral Administration of Royal Jelly towards Fertility Performance of Rabbit through Artificial Insemination
type: item
description: The rabbit livestock industry is rising rapidly as an alternative protein source in Malaysia. As the global population increases, alternative food sources such as rabbit-based products are important for meeting human demand for livestock products. Optimization of rabbit production relies on reproductive technology. Assisted reproduction technologies (ART) like artificial insemination (AI) are being introduced to the farmer to maximize the production of the rabbit industry. However, local livestock farmers still need to improve their knowledge and technique. Thus, this study aims to investigate the fertility rate of does using artificial insemination compared to natural mating (NM) and to determine the effect of different concentrations of oral administration of royal jelly (RJ) on semen fertility in rabbits. A total of 12 bucks and 20 does of American White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used, with ages between 7 to 12 months and average body weights of 2.5 to 3 kg. The bucks were assigned to 4 experimental groups for oral administration: (a) control A, 0 mg/kg of royal jelly; (b) control B, 0 mg/kg of royal jelly; (c) treatment 1, 100 mg/kg of royal jelly; and (d) treatment 2, 50 mg/kg of royal jelly. Control A rabbit was mated naturally, while the other groups were mated using AI. Sperm quality was evaluated through physical criteria: volume, colour, pH, odour, and viscosity. Pregnancy diagnosis (manual abdominal palpation, real-time ultrasound) was performed to evaluate the conception rate of the doe. The result that the conception rate of natural mating (83.33%) was higher compared to artificial insemination (16.13%). Moreover, oral administration of royal jelly showed a negative effect on the conception rate of does, where 0 mg/kg of royal jelly showed 36.36%, 100 mg/kg showed 0%, and 50 mg/kg showed 10% of conception rate.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Rabbit
  topic: keywords
subject: Royal Jelly
  topic: keywords
subject: Fertility Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Insemination
  topic: keywords
subject: Pregnancy diagnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Ultrasound
  topic: keywords
creator: Y J Y Tan
creator: A M Wakil
creator: S A Mohamad Sukri
creator: J Stephen
creator: R I A Raja Khalif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 7
ending page: 11
doi: 10.48165/aru.2025.5.1.3

Dystocia due to Breech Presentation of Dicephalus Tetrabrachius Dipus Is chiopagus and Dicaudatus Monster in Buffalo: A Case Report
type: item
description: A rare case of conjoined twin monsters (Dicephalus tetrabrachius, Dipus ischiopagus, and Dicaudatus) was in breech presentation, delivered per vaginum in a pluriparous Murrah buffalo. The twin monster consists of two male fetuses, each possessing separate sets of structures, including two heads, two pairs of forelimbs connected to the ischial region, one pair of hindlimbs, and two tails.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Buffalo
  topic: keywords
subject: dicephalus tetrabrachius
  topic: keywords
subject: dipus ischiopagus
  topic: keywords
subject: dicaudatus monster.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sandeep Dholpuria
creator: Trilok Gocher
creator: Shailendra Mehla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 4
ending page: 6
doi: 10.48165/aru.2025.5.1.2

Surgical Management of Over-gestation in a Female Dog: A Case Report
type: item
description: A 2-year-old female dog was brought to VCC, LUVAS, with a history of overgestation (68 days’ pregnancy). After a complete gynaeco-clinical examination, a caesarean section was performed, and 5 foetuses including one mummified foetus were delivered. The female dog recovered uneventfully following normal postoperative management.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Caesarean section
  topic: keywords
subject: Female dog
  topic: keywords
subject: mummified fetus
  topic: keywords
subject: Overgestation
  topic: keywords
subject: Top of Form
  topic: keywords
creator: Ravi Dutt
creator: Anil
creator: Garbhit
creator: Bulbul
creator: Vinay Kumar
creator: Ram Niwas
creator: Jasmer Dalal
creator: Gyan Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-01-16
publication date: 2025-01-16
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.48165/aru.2025.5.1.1

Fetal Ascites in a Cow: A Case Report
type: item
description: A three and half year oldNon-Discript cow was presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, COVAS, Udgir with the history of completion of gestation period and appearance of first water bag before two hours.Per-vaginal examination revealed that fetus is in posterior longitudinal presentation and fetal abdomen is fluid filled, larger in size, bulky, distended. The case was diagnosed as dystocia due to fetal ascites.Incision was given on fetal abdomen to drain the excessive fluid using Robert’s Guarded knife Following reduction, Dead male fetus was delivered successfully by two way coordinated traction.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Cow
  topic: keywords
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Fetal ascites
  topic: keywords
subject: Robert’s Guarded Knife
  topic: keywords
creator: S S Waykule
creator: A B Koli
creator: S S Ramteke
creator: A D Patil
creator: Y B Bhosale
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 32
ending page: 34
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.2.8

Incomplete Cervical Dilation with Fetal Mummification in Goat: A Case Report
type: item
description: The current case details the successful management of dystocia in a goat due to incomplete cervical dilation and fetal mummification. The ‘Referral Veterinary Polyclinic’, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar received the animal, which had a history of brownish-red vaginal discharge and straining for 5 h. Per-vaginal examination revealed a fetal mass lodged in the reproductive tract with incomplete cervical dilation. Induction therapy was administered to facilitate cervical dilation, allowing for the manual extraction of the mummified fetus. After three days of postoperative treatment, the goat recovered without complications.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Fetal mummification
  topic: keywords
subject: Valethamate bromide
  topic: keywords
creator: Chinmay Warghat
creator: Poornima Dwivedi poornima
creator: uttam kumar sahu
creator: Gauri Rele
creator: Sushil Kumar Sushil
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-10-22
publication date: 2024-10-22
starting page: 29
ending page: 31
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.2.7

Obstetrical Management of Dystocia due to Schistosoma Reflexus in A Murrah Buffalo
type: item
description: A very rare birth defect called Schistosomus reflexus (SR) causes the thoracic and abdominal organs to be exposed. The foetus also has a lot of spinal angulation, which makes the vertebral column curve in a clear way at the bottom. Ruminants most frequently exhibit reflexus (Bezek and Frazer, 1994), while various species have reported the pres- ence of a congenital schistocoelia (Pivnick et al., 1998). SR has been frequently reported in cattle, buffalo, and occa- sionally in sheep, goats, and other species (Robert, 1971; Rajoria et al., 2023) with an occurrence of 0.01 to 1.3% (Sloss, 1967; Knight, 1996) worldwide. SR occurs as early as the post-gastrulation embryo and involves the intermedi- ate mesoderm. This condition belongs to a family of defor- mities involving failure of complete closure of the ventral aspect of the fetal body wall. In humans, thoraco-abdomi- nal syndrome (TAS) displays striking similarities with the SR monster (Pivnick et al., 1998). Furthermore, there is a possibility of a genetic cause in which the fetus carriesrecessive genes from dam as well as sire, leading to defec- tive embryonic development. However, only the cases that display both visceral exposure and spinal inversion are considered true SR (Laughton et al., 2005). The exact aeti- ology of this anomaly is unknown, but it may be due to genetic factors, mutations, chromosomal anomalies, infec- tious agents, environmental factors, or a combination of all these factors (Noakes et al., 2019).
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Buffalo
  topic: keywords
subject: Schistosoma reflexus
  topic: keywords
subject: Congenital disorder
  topic: keywords
creator: Uttam Kumar Sahu
creator: Chinmay Warghat
creator: Newton Biswas
creator: Renu Sharma
creator: Neelam Kalasua
creator: Brijesh Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-10-14
publication date: 2024-10-14
starting page: 26
ending page: 28
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.2.6

Medical Termination of Pregnancy in Queen
type: item
description: Cats routinely undergo medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) to control reproduction by terminating unwanted pregnancies. Post-coital contraception, also known as emergency contraception or pregnancy termination, are indeed common procedures in veterinary practices for companion animals like bitches and queens. Typically, a veterinarian guides these procedures, which may involve medications or surgical interventions based on the pregnancy stage and specific circumstances. Pet owners must discuss their options with a veterinarian to determine the best course of action for their animal’s health and well-being, taking into account factors such as the dam’s age, health issues, or low breeding value offspring. Medical termination of pregnancy has more demand in feline practice due to the higher incidence of unwanted pregnancy for their feral nature. In such cases, termination of pregnancy may be achieved by using only one medicament or a combination of two or more medicaments. A combination of either natural or synthetic analogues of prostaglandin F2 and dopamine agonists or anti-progestins yielded good results in healthy bitches and queens with confirmed pregnancy. Regular sonographic examinations and vaginal discharge observation follow to confirm the loss of pregnancy. At certain times, blockage of two hormones, i.e., prolactin and progesterone, is used, which has high success rates for MTP in small animals. The benefits of combined administration include low doses with fewer side effects. Considering all such issues, this treatise deals with indications for MTP, symptoms to identify pregnancy, especially in feral cats, and the application of various protocols for successful results with uneventful outcomes.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Abortion
  topic: keywords
subject: Cabergoline
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloprostenol
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical termination of pregnancy-MTP
  topic: keywords
creator: Sunil Parmar
creator: Kiran Singh
creator: Newton Biswas
creator: Sushil Kumar
creator: Poornima Dwivedi
creator: Neeraj Srivastava
creator: Meraj Haider Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-09-16
publication date: 2024-09-16
starting page: 19
ending page: 25
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.2.5

Manegement of Dystocia due to Acute Extreme Lateral Deviation of Head and Neck in Cattle: A Case Report
type: item
description: A primiparous five-year-old non-descript cow was presented to the Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, ICAR-IVRI, with a history of complete gestation, frequent straining, rupture of the water bag without any further progress in labor since the last 12 hours, and a failed attempt of manual foetal extraction by the local veterinarian. After conducting a general clinical examination, all the vital parameters were recorded. A per-rectal examination followed by a per-vaginal examination was carried out to determine the presentation, position, and posture of the foetus. The foetal forelimbs were lying in the birth canal, although the foetal head and neck were extremely deviated laterally and lodged very deep in the uterus around the hind limbs. Different obstetrical maneuvers were performed to correct the foetal disposition, followed by the successful extraction of a dead female foetus. The dam was stable and successfully given postoperative therapy. A follow-up had been carried out for up to one week, and the animal was recovered uneventfully.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Cattle
  topic: keywords
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Head deviation
  topic: keywords
subject: Indigenous
  topic: keywords
creator: Kiran Singh
creator: Newton Biswas
creator: Sushil Kumar
creator: Neeraj Srivastava
creator: M H Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-08-05
publication date: 2024-08-05
starting page: 13
ending page: 15
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.2.3

A rare case of congenital anomalies of hydrocephalus, cystic cephalus, microphthalmia and cleft lip on foetus – a case report
type: item
description: A 6-year-old Holstein Friesian cross breed cattle was presented at Nettur veterinary dispensary in Tenkasi district. The cattle owner reported straining of the animal for 4 hours since morning, the serosanguinous mucoid discharge was noticed from the vulva. Vaginal examination revealed completely dilated cervix and presentation of the foetus head filled with fluid in-between both the hind limbs. To relieve the dystocia the foetus head was punctured with BP blade and the accumulated fluid was drained out followed by application of the obstetrical long eye hook on the eye and with snare on the forelimbs to expel out the fetus. The fluid therapy, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory was administered for five days
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Cleft lip
  topic: keywords
subject: cystic cephalus
  topic: keywords
subject: microphthalmia
  topic: keywords
creator: Arunpandian J
creator: Rama Selvam C
creator: Neeraj Srivastava
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-08-13
publication date: 2024-08-13
starting page: 16
ending page: 18
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.2.4

Cervicotomy for the management of dystocia due to prepartum cervico-vagino prolapse and Incomplete Cervical Dilation (ICD) in cow: A case report
type: item
description: A cow was presented to the Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, ICAR-IVRI, with a primary complaint of third-degree cervico-vaginal prolapse. All the vital parameters were within the normal range. A per-rectal examination revealed that the foetus was viable. Further, per-vaginal examination explored a dry vaginal passage with an incompletely dilated (2-finger) cervical rim. The animal was given dilation therapy along with periodic cervical massage and observed for 36 hours. There was no significant dilation of cervix (one feast) and first cervical ring which was relatively hard preventing the complete dilation, therefore, it was decided to opt for cervicotomy and live female calf had been delivered.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Cervico vaginal prolapse
  topic: keywords
subject: mplete cervical dilatation
  topic: keywords
subject: dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: cervicotomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Newton Biswas
creator: Brijesh Kumar
creator: Mayank Singh Baghel
creator: Chinmay Ruprao Warghat
creator: MH Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-08-06
publication date: 2024-08-06
starting page: 9
ending page: 12
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.2.2

Therapeutics and management of persistent cases of Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour: an Update
type: item
description: Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour (CTVT) is a contagious venereal tumour in dogs. It is mostly transmitted through sexual contact but can also spread through sniffing, licking, biting, and scratching the affected area. It is a contagious tumour, mostly prevalent in mongrels, in dogs exhibiting high levels of sexual activity coupled with roaming behaviour in tropical and subtropical climates. Recently, the incidence of TVT has been found to be increasing, especially in urban areas, where pet parents often come across their animals showing oozing of serosanguinous fluid from anomalous tumorous growth in external genitalia. This frequently turns out to be TVT. Cytological and histopathological findings are used to make a definitive diagnosis. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, with chemotherapy often being the preferred choice. In recent times pet owners have reported recurrence of the case confirmed earlier as TVT. This has further implication of development of toxicity due to repeated use of chemotherapy. This necessitates an urgency to review the current therapeutic approaches and reformulate them with effective alternative regimens. Lately, several new therapeutic protocols have been developed for TVT, which are very promising, especially for the cases that have shown resistance and recurrence to certain treatments. It is imperative that treating veterinarian besides being thorough about therapeutic knowledge, especially dosage calculation (Body weight vs body surface area) should also get acquainted with preventive and control measures. This particular paper captures the manifold developments in different areas dealing with therapeutic alternatives, prevention, and control of TVT.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Sticker’s sarcoma, Diagnosis, Treatment, Vincristine, Lomustine
  topic: keywords
creator: Newton Biswas
creator: Kiran Singh
creator: Sushil Sharma
creator: Sunil Parmar
creator: Neeraj Srivastava
creator: MH Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-07-30
publication date: 2024-07-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.2.1

CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF DYSTOCIA DUE TO FETAL ASCITES IN A BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS)
type: item
description: The present communication reports a rare case of dystocia in a four and half year old she-buffalo due to fetal ascites with posterior presentation, relieved using abdominocentesis and forced traction at veterinary clinical complex, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, UP. The cow was recovered uneventfully.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Buffalo
  topic: keywords
subject: Bubalus bubalis
  topic: keywords
subject: dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: fetal ascites
  topic: keywords
subject: posterior presentation
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajesh Kumar
creator: Sushant Sakhahari Daund
creator: Sanjeev Kumar Verma
creator: Abhishek Kumar Verma
creator: Saurabh
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 37
ending page: 39
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.1.7

Buffaloes are ‘Black Gold’ not Black Cows
type: item
description: Buffalo and cow, both are vital to global agricultural landscapes; possess distinct traits that shape their roles in farming. Despite belonging to the Bovidae family, buffaloes excel in resilience and adaptability to harsh environments, while cows thrive in temperate climates. Their evolutionary history reveals separate domestication events, with buffaloes originating later, around 3,000–7,000 years ago. Their chromosome numbers and breeding patterns reflect their genetic differences. Anatomically, buffaloes exhibit unique digestive, reproductive, and thermoregulatory adaptations, influencing productivity. Buffalo milk, richer in fat and solids, surpasses cow milk in nutritional value, driving its prominence in global dairy markets. FAO data indicates a notable surge in buffalo milk production, outpacing that of cows global. This perspective review discusses the diverse benefits of buffalo and highlights the importance of distinguishing between buffaloes and cows in order to comprehend their crucial contributions to agricultural livelihoods and global culinary traditions.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Bovidae
  topic: keywords
subject: Bos
  topic: keywords
subject: Bubulus
  topic: keywords
subject: distinct characteristics
  topic: keywords
subject: livestock
  topic: keywords
creator: Priya
creator: Meeti Punetha
creator: Pradeep Kumar
creator: P S Yadav
creator: Dharmendra Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 29
ending page: 36
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.1.6

Curcumin supplementation ameliorates heat stress and affects early embryonic development
type: item
description: The temperature-humidity index (THI) is used to present the environmental factors causing heat stress. Heat stress's effects on the effectiveness of reproduction have been extensively studied and reported. The length of endocrine state, estrus, follicular growth and development, fertilization, conception rate, uterine function, luteolytic processes, early embryonic development, and fetal growth have all been demonstrated that altered by heat stress. Heat stress is considered to cause oxygen-derived free radicals, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide anion, to be produced in oocytes/embryos, hence inducing oxidative stress. Antioxidants, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, provide vital defense against oxidative damage caused by heat stress. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-infectious, and antioxidant properties, it is widely used in many biological and medical fields. Curcumin uses this process to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and when added to the culture media during in vitro culture, protect the embryos from ROS and encourage embryo growth as well as fetal development. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the role of curcumin during heat stress and embryonic development.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: Curcumin
  topic: keywords
subject: Embryo
  topic: keywords
subject: Heat Stress
  topic: keywords
creator: Ritika
creator: Sudha Saini
creator: Shavi
creator: N L Selokar
creator: M K Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-02-17
publication date: 2024-02-17
starting page: 21
ending page: 28
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.1.5

Dystocia due to polymelia calf in cattle – a case report
type: item
description: The veterinarian presented a 5-year-old HF crossbred cow with a full-termpregnancy that caused severe abdominal strain. On per-vaginal examination, thecervix was found to be fully dilated, with palpable multiple limbs of the foetus.After proper lubrication of the birth canal, the foetus was successfully deliveredThe veterinarian diagnosed the condition as polymelia of the hind limbs. Thepostoperative care of the cow included treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The cow had an uneventful recovery in about 9–10 days.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Calf
  topic: keywords
subject: polymelia
  topic: keywords
subject: dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: birth-canal
  topic: keywords
creator: J Arunpandian
creator: N Srivastava
creator: M Ganesan
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-15
publication date: 2023-12-15
starting page: 18
ending page: 20
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.1.4

Protective Efficacy of Cholesterol-Loaded Cyclodextrin (CLC) Against Sperm Morphological Abnormalities in Marwari Stallions
type: item
description: The present study aimed to examine the protective potential of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) at varying concentrations against sperm morphological abnormalities of cooled and frozen thawed semen of Marwari stallions. A total of forty eight ejaculates (six stallions and eight ejaculates per stallion) were promptly processed following semen collection and subjected to gross assessment of semen quality attributes. The assessment of sperm morphologies in fresh equine semen was conducted using Eosin and Nigrosine staining technique. The semen samples from individual Marwari stallions were evenly divided into five fractions and incubated in a water bath at 37°C for 15 min after dilution with primary extender to obtain the spermatozoa concentration at 120 × 106 sperm/ml. During incubation, the fractions of every semen sample were exposed to different concentrations of CLC as 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/ml of extender (C, T1, T2,T3, and T4, respectively). All the 5 aliquots were cooled and subsequently subjected to cryopreservation. Each cooled and frozen- thawed (at 37°C for 30 sec) semen samples were analyzed to assess the morphologies of the spermatozoa. Based on the findings, it was concluded that none of the CLC treatment could render any significant protection against the sperm morphological abnormalities at either pre-freeze and/or post-thaw stage of semen samples from Marwari stallions.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Cholesterol loaded cyclodextrins
  topic: keywords
subject: cryopreservation
  topic: keywords
subject: Marwari stallion
  topic: keywords
subject: sperm abnormalities
  topic: keywords
creator: Pramod Kumar
creator: J S Mehta
creator: S K Ravi
creator: T R Talluri
creator: B L Kumawat
creator: Tapendra Kumar
creator: Shivendra Kumar
creator: D Jhamb
creator: Ramesh Kumar Dedar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-08-23
publication date: 2023-08-23
starting page: 3
ending page: 10
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.1.2

Comparative Protein Profiling of Blood and Milk of Early Pregnant Buffaloes Using SDS-PAGE
type: item
description: Conventional methods for detecting pregnancy in buffalo are inefficient before 30-days after artificial insemination. A proteomic approach for high-resolution analysis of blood plasma and milk proteins by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is of great importance. Blood and milk samples were collected on days 0 (before insemination) and 20 and 25 after insemination from retrospective pregnant (n = 6) and non-pregnant (n = 6) animals. An equal volume of samples was loaded in (12%-4%) SDS gel to resolve major plasma and milk proteins. Plasma proteins showed three distinct zones – high, medium, and low molecular weight (MW). In the high MW zone (135 - 250 kDa), ~208 kDa and ~190 kDa proteins were visible. In the moderate MW zone (60 -75 kDa), 5-6 proteins like albumin (~70 kDa), 75 kDa, and 63 kDa consisting of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins, ~73 kDa being dominant. In the low MW zone (25 – 35 kDa), a clear band of 27 kDa was visible. Proteins in milk supernatants showed four distinct zones of proteins – very high, high, medium, and low molecular weight (MW) zones. In the very high MW zone (135 - 250 kDa), ~208 kDa and ~190 kDa proteins were visible. In the high MW zone (60 -75 kDa), proteins like lactoferrin (~78.2 kDa), 73 kDa, albumen (~66 kDa), and a heavy chain of immunoglobulin (IgG) (~54 kDa) were detected. In the medium MW zone (25 – 35 kDa), clear bands of milk caseins, namely thick alpha S2 casein (29 kDa), and other caseins. In the low MW zone (11 – 20 kDa), two thick bands of 18 kDa and 12 kDa were visible. The mean gray values (sum of the gray values of all the pixels in the peak divided by the number of pixels) of the 73 kDa protein peak were analyzed in two-way ANOVA using GraphPad (ver 8.0). Repeated measures of ANOVA were selected where pregnancy status (pregnant and non-pregnant) defined column factor and time (0-, 20- and 25-day) defined row factor. The expression of 73 kDa protein in blood plasma was higher (P = 0.04) in pregnant women…
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Buffalo
  topic: keywords
subject: Milk
  topic: keywords
subject: Blood
  topic: keywords
subject: SDS-PAGE
  topic: keywords
subject: Pregnancy diagnosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Samridhi Singh
creator: Ratan K Choudhary
creator: Navdeep Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-09-12
publication date: 2023-09-12
starting page: 11
ending page: 17
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.4.1.3

Management of dystocia due to Schistosomus Reflexus - a case report
type: item
description: Schistosomare flexus are a major congenital anomaly which occurs during embryonic development. Schistosomare flexus are characterized by incomplete fusion of abdominal wall leading to exposed viscera and marked ventral curvature of spine. A genetic or chromosomal abnormality, mutation, chromosomal anomaly, infectious agent, or a combination of these factors may be the cause, although its etiology is unknown. A Holstein Friesian (HF) cross-bred cow of 4 years with straining and fetal intestine hanging through the vulva was presented to the veterinary clinical complex for parturition failure. Thus, it was diagnosed as a case of Schistosomare flexus. With per vaginal examination it was further confirmed that visceral organs were from the fetus. Therefore, it was decided to remove the fetus through caesarean section.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Schistosomusre flexus
  topic: keywords
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Monster
  topic: keywords
creator: Jitendra Singh Rajoria
creator: Deepak Ningwal
creator: A P Singh
creator: Priyanshu Tomar
creator: Prashant
creator: Neelam Tandia
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-07-31
publication date: 2023-07-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 2
doi: 10.48165/aru.2024.4.2.1

Management of vulvar hypoplasia by performing episiotomy in cow - a case report
type: item
description: A crossbred cow was admitted with the history of dystocia was examined and diagnosed as a case of dystocia due to congenital vulvar stenosis. Per vaginal examination of a crossbred heifer presented for the treatment of dystocia revealed vulvar stenosis and persistent hymen. Episiotomy followed by the excision of transverse band of persistent hymen lead to per vaginal delivery of fetus.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Episiotomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Vulvar stenosis
  topic: keywords
creator: J S Rajoria
creator: A P Singh
creator: Priyanshu Tomar
creator: Prashant
creator: Deepak Ningwal
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-06-23
publication date: 2023-06-23
starting page: 69
ending page: 70
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.3.2.8

FETAL MUMMIFICATION IN GOAT: A CASE REPORT
type: item
description: A three year old non-descript goat in fourth parity was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complexes, COVAS, Udgir with the history of straining and vaginal discharge for last four to five hours. One live male fetus was delivered through obstetrical maneuvers which followed the delivery of mummified fetus. The goat was treated with fluid therapy, antibiotics, NSAID and antihistamines.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Goat
  topic: keywords
subject: Mummification
  topic: keywords
creator: A B Koli
creator: S S Ramteke
creator: S B Naktar
creator: A D Patil
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-06-21
publication date: 2023-06-21
starting page: 67
ending page: 68
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.3.2.7

Role of MicroRNAs in Mammalian Reproduction
type: item
description: MicroRNAs are small, endogenous, non-coding RNA molecules that are around 19-25 nucleotides long. Most miRNAs are produced via transcription of DNA sequences into primary miRNAs, precursor miRNAs, and then mature miRNAs. These miRNA molecules base-pair to mRNAs to control gene expression post-transcriptionally. Mammalian genome now has over 2000 annotated miRNAs which are thought to influence one-third of the genes in the genome since each miRNA can regulate hundreds of target genes. miRNAs are involved in morphogenesis, tissue maintenance, cell development, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism etc. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the role of miRNAs in various stages of mammalian reproductive biology and their involvement in reproductive disorders. We have also summarized the recent advances about miRNA and provide an updated overview of the literature, including the most recent and relevant studies.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: MicroRNAs
  topic: keywords
subject: Reproduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Oogenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Spermatogenesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Shavi
creator: Sudha Saini
creator: Tanya Gupta
creator: N L Selokar
creator: M K Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-05-15
publication date: 2023-05-15
starting page: 33
ending page: 42
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.3.2.4

Fertility Augmentation of Non-Descript Delayed Pubertal Cattle Heifers through Mineral Mixture Supplementation and Hormonal Intervention
type: item
description: Normal productive and reproductive behavior in domestic animal is closely associated with interaction between hormonal and nutritional status of the animal system. Twenty-four non-descript delayed pubertal cattle of Rewa district, aged between 3-5 years were used to study the effect of dietary mineral mixture supplementation and double PG protocol on reproductive performance. Cows were randomly allocated into four equal groups (A, B, C & D), comprising three treatment groups (n=6), and control (n=6) group. Control group was fed ration containing same CP and energy level according to the body weight. Group A (n=6) was fed ration containing 0% mineral mixture feeding in total per day. Group B (n=6) was fed ration containing mineral mixture 1 % of ration feeding in total per day diet. Group C (n=6) were subjected for double PG protocol and GnRH. Group D (n=6) was fed ration containing mineral mixture 1 % of ration and double PG protocol and GnRH. Group D has slightly more progesterone levels comparison to group C because of pregnancy in more cows. Plasma progesterone concentration of B, C and D Group, which supplemented with mineral mixture and hormonal protocol were significantly high. At 60-day Group A and C has similar values of progesterone. Group D has low Estrogen values due to more number or non-cyclic cows then other groups. Mineral concentrations were also significantly high in treatment groups comparatively. Pregnancy rate obtained in non-descript delayed pubertal heifers after artificial insemination was recorded as 83.33% in Group D, while it was 100% in all other three groups. Estrus submission rate is 33.33%, 50.00%, 66.66% and 83.33 % in all four groups, respectively. Accordingly reproductive efficiency calculated in experimental groups is 33.33, 50.00, 66.66 and 69.44, respectively. Combination of hormonal protocol with mineral mixture supplementation showed comparatively better result with respect to submission rate and reproductive efficiency.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Estrus induction
  topic: keywords
subject: Fertility
  topic: keywords
subject: Heifers
  topic: keywords
subject: Hormone
  topic: keywords
subject: Mineral supplementation
  topic: keywords
creator: Vipin Chandra Adarsh
creator: Jitendra Singh Rajoria
creator: Abhiyuday Pratap Sing
creator: Brijesh Kumar Ojha
creator: Anil Kumar Singh
creator: Archana Raje
creator: Priyanshu Tomar
creator: Shishant Swaroop Peepar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-06-21
publication date: 2023-06-21
starting page: 59
ending page: 66
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.3.2.6

ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVE NETWORK FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BOVINE FEMALE INFERTILITY DISORDERS IN GUJARAT
type: item
description: The co-operative network in Gujarat, India, has given the livestock sector a new direction for growth. The co-operative sector's dairy husbandry department not only deals with treatment of ill animals but conducts extensive management programmes for infertility. Various programmes like fertility improvement programmes, calf rearing programme, ration balancing programme, productivity enhancement programme, village awareness progress, and training of artificial inseminators are in operation for fertility enhancement. The present review describes the impact of these programmes on fertility based on collected data from various co-operatives of Gujarat.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Cooperative
  topic: keywords
subject: Bovine female infertility
  topic: keywords
subject: Gujarat physiology
  topic: keywords
subject: dairy cattle
  topic: keywords
creator: R D Joshi
creator: Tarun V. Sutaria
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-05-15
publication date: 2023-05-15
starting page: 18
ending page: 32
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.3.2.3

Hypobaric hypoxia affects the reproductive physiology of dairy cattle
type: item
description: As the altitude increases, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases, leading to hypoxic conditions and ultimately disturbing body homeostasis and affecting neuroendocrine function in cattle. These physiological changes cause low conception rate, early embryonic death, low fertility, etc., in cattle and other livestock species. So far, cattle's reproductive health associated with high-altitude hypoxic conditions has rarely been studied concerning reproductive physiology, endocrinology, and physio-biochemical perspective. Hence, this review discusses various physiological changes, hormonal disturbance, placenta development, haematological and biochemical changes, etc., which are associated with and affect cattle's reproductive physiology.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Hypobaric hypoxia
  topic: keywords
subject: oxygen-dissociation curve
  topic: keywords
subject: reproduction
  topic: keywords
subject: placenta
  topic: keywords
subject: hormone
  topic: keywords
subject: reproductive physiology
  topic: keywords
subject: dairy cattle
  topic: keywords
creator: Preeti Kumari
creator: Vijay K Bharti
creator: Krishna Kumar
creator: Indu Sharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-04-27
publication date: 2023-04-27
starting page: 6
ending page: 17
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.3.2.2

Hair Cortisol: A Biomarker of Chronic Stress in Animals and its Association with Reproduction
type: item
description: Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is used to assess the long-term retrospective measurement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). HCC reflects HPA axis activity over a period of months and years depending on hair growth rate and length of hair measured. HCC is being used as a biomarker of chronic stress in order to check the well-being of domestic animals (cattle, horses, dogs, pigs), wild animals, captive animals, human trauma victims, and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) as it provides an innovative approach to measure chronic HPA activity retrospectively over months without being affected by short term acute stressors and diurnal patterns. Stress plays a significant role in affecting the fertility of animals. Activation of the HPA axis further activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) i.e., glucocorticoids are produced causing apoptosis of Leydig cells and decreased testosterone levels in males. In females, increased cortisol levels can suppress the tonic secretion of Leutinizing hormone (LH) which might hamper ovulation. Thus, hair cortisol analysis for assessment of the HPA-HPG axis could be a very important tool for animal welfare.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Key words: Stress, Hair cortisol, HPA axis, HPG axis, animal welfare
  topic: keywords
creator: Akanksha Gupta
creator: Usha Yadav
creator: Krishna N Bansal
creator: Manju Bala Bishnoi
creator: Renu Bala
creator: Nisha Verma
creator: Shivani Bhardwaj
creator: Pradeep Kumar
creator: Dharmendra Kumar
creator: P S Yadav
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Animal Reproduction Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-05-19
publication date: 2023-05-19
starting page: 43
ending page: 58
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.3.2.5

Developmental Competence of Embryo vis-à-vis Lipopolysaccharide
type: item
description: Post-partum uterine inflammation in dairy bovines impairs the reproductive process resulting in extended anestrus, reduced conception and increased pregnancy attrition. Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are a set of molecular motifs that are present on the surface of various classes of microbes. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are an endotoxin found in the cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, are considered as a prototypical class of PAMPs. Among PAMPs, LPS is the most potent one present on the surface of E. coli associated with endometritis and inflammation of the uterus. When ovarian follicular cells are exposed to LPS, toll-like receptor (TLR) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) will be expressed, activating to culminate in the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF which reacts directly to bacterial products and impairing reproductive functions. Although, both theca interna and granulosa cells are capable of responding to inflammatory mediators and altering some functions of the oocytes may result in failure of the oocyte to become fully competent, even if the insult occurs well before ovulation. Several studies have been focused on the effect of LPS on the reproductive performance of dairy animals but the effect of LPS on oocytes during maturation and their development is yet to be defined well. Therefore, the present review emphasized on the effect of LPS on important female reproductive functions and possible mechanism of bacterial endotoxin LPS action on the embryonic development through various pathways.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Buffalo
  topic: keywords
subject: Developmental competence
  topic: keywords
subject: Embryo
  topic: keywords
subject: Lipopolysaccharide
  topic: keywords
subject: Oocytes
  topic: keywords
creator: Sujata Jinagal
creator: Ravi Dutt
creator: Swati Thakur
creator: Meeti Punetha
creator: Maninder Sharma
creator: Sheetal Saini
creator: Suman Chaudhary
creator: Pradeep Kumar
creator: P S Yadav
creator: Dharmendra Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-03-07
publication date: 2023-03-07
starting page: 31
ending page: 40
doi: 10.48165/aru.2023.3.1.6