Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
The journal is the official research journal of the Indian Society of Animal Production and Management. It was started in the year 1986 to publish original research work in the area of livestock production management. The first issue was published in the year 1986 by the Department of Livestock Production and Management, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. Current frequency of the journal is Quarterly (4 issues per year). The Journal office is presently functioning from the Department of Livestock Production Management, Veterinary College, Bengaluru, Karnataka.\ Indexing details: Scopus Indexed, Google Scholar, Base Indexing, Ebsco, Wos-Applied, Cross ref, ICI, ASI
Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii: Accuracy, Prevalence, and Standardization of Diagnostic Protocols
Toxoplasmosis is a common zoonotic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It represents a significant public health concern worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential, especially among immunocompromised patients and pregnant women.This meta-analysis systematically reviews peer-reviewed studies (2015–2025) to evaluate molecular diagnostic methods used for detecting T. gondii in humans and animals.Data were extracted and synthesized from recent studies focusing on molecular detection techniques, methodological differences, diagnostic accuracy, and prevalence rates. Special attention was given to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its variants due to their superior sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional serological assays.PCR-based assays targeting multicopy nucleotide sequences such as B1 and 18S rDNA demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity.Pooled prevalence varied by host species and geographical region.Emerging methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and real-time PCR (qPCR) were identified as rapid and quantitative approaches with strong diagnostic potential.Molecular diagnostic methods offer significant advantages for detecting T. gondii, but variability in protocols affects reliability. The study emphasizes the need for standardized and harmonized diagnostic procedures to achieve optimal outcomes in toxoplasmosis detection, management, and control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
Histoenzymiatic and Histochemical studies on proventiculus and gizzard of male love birds (Psittacula cuvier)
This study was designed to investigate the histoenzymatic and histochemical study of stomach in male love birds (Psittacula Cuvier). The study was performed on five male birds . the results were demonstrated that the mucoal epithelium in proventriculus was reacted with (ALP) positively but the reaction was not found in sub- mucosa , Tunica muscularis and serosa, also the results were showed that the mucosal epithelium and glands of proventriculus was reacted with (AB 2.5) on the other hand our results were revealed that the distribtion of (ALP) in gizzard was moderate in mucosal epithelium and aweak in koilin layer wherease the reaction was positively in koilin layer with (AB 2.5).
Effect of Supplementation of Mannan Oligosaccharide on Biochemical Pro-file in SVVU T17 Crossbred Pigs
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) on the biochemical profile in SVVU T17 crossbred pigs. Twenty-four SVVU T17 crossbred male grower pigs above 2 months of age were randomly divided into four groups with six piglets in each group, i.e., T0, T1, T2, and T3. The experiment was conducted for 45 days, and at the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for estimation of the biochemical profile. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels in T2 and T3 groups compared to the control (T0) group. A significant decrease (P<0.05) in creatinine levels was observed in the T3 group compared to the control group. Amylase levels were significantly increased (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 groups compared to T1 and control groups. Bicarbonate levels were significantly lowered in T2 and T3 groups compared to T1 and T0 groups. Calcium levels were significantly lower in T2 and T3 groups compared to T0 and T1 groups. Phosphorus showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in all the MOS-supplemented groups compared to the control group. Higher chloride values were observed in T2 and T3 groups compared to T0 and T1 groups. BUN, ALP, bilirubin, sodium, and potassium did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the treatment groups when compared with the control group. In conclusion, mannan-oligosaccharide had a positive influence on the biochemical parameters of SVVU T17 crossbred pigs.
Dietary Prebiotics in Augmenting the Antioxidant Enzymes and Thyroid Hor-mones in SVVU T17 Crossbred Pigs
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of prebiotics mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) on antioxidant and thyroid status in SVVU T17 crossbred pigs. Twenty-four SVVU T17 crossbred male grower pigs above 2 months of age were randomly divided into four groups with six piglets in each group i.e., P0, P1, P2 and P3 groups. The experiment was conducted for 45 days and at the end of experiment blood samples were collected for estimation of antioxidants and thyroid levels. There was a significant increase (P<0.05) in Catalase, SOD and GSH Px enzymes level with raise in MOS concentration in basal diet, whereas MDA levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased exclusively in P2 and P3. Triiodothyronine levels were not influenced by MOS inclusion in grower diets but Thyroxin hormone levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in all groups irrespective of MOS inclusion, whereas TSH hormone levels were raised in P3 group but P1 and P2 groups were in same range with control groups. In conclusion, MOS had a positive influence on antioxidant enzyme (Catalase, SOD and GSH-Px) levels by reducing oxidative stress (MDA levels) significantly (P<0.05), whereas a significant decrease in T4 hormone and increase in TSH levels in SVVU T17 crossbred pigs.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Pancreas Gland of the Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) and Guinea Pig (Cavia Porcellus): Comparative Study
The pancreas is a vital organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions in mammalian species. This report presents a comparative study of the ultrastructural characteristics of pancreatic tissue in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pancreas specimens were obtained from healthy adult animals on the University of Muthanna and processed for SEM using standard techniques for SEM processing. This study has documented different sizes of acinar cells, ductal structure, and organization of islets between the two species. The rabbit pancreas exhibited larger acini than guinea pig pancreas with more larger zymogen granules than that in the guinea pig. In contrast, the guinea pig pancreas exhibited more acinar units more densely packed with smaller acinar and cellular dimensions. Additionally, the ductal system of the rabbit pancreas exhibited more branching than that of the guinea pig pancreas. The current study adds to our knowledge of comparative pancreatic morphology to different species, regardless of physiological functional similarities, which has intrinsic importance in future studies involving comparative physiology or as an experimental model.
The Role of Women in Livestock Farming: Challenges and Opportunities
Women are actively involved in livestock farmingpractices in rural India. They have both emotional and economical association with livestock. Most women are engagedin care and management of livestock such as feeding, milking and cleaning of shed.Disposal and use ofwaste material and dung from the shed is also performed by the women. Their immense contribution in livestock farming provides financial independence and better social status. Their hard and dedicated works endow rural livelihood, and pledge food security. It ensures full time employment and dispenses woman empowerment in the society. Nevertheless,women frequently encounter obstaclesin livestock farming, affecting theproduction. Social customand gender-based discrimination render limited access to markets, veterinary care, education, financial freedom, and use of land. Limited decision making power of a woman appeared as a great hindrance in socio-economical and sustainable development of a country.
Comparative Analysis of the Histology of the Hypothalamus in Albino Rats (Rattus albus) and Wild Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Objectives: This study investigates the histological structure of the hypothalamus in wild and albino rats, highlighting significant differences in their cellular composition and organization. Methods: twelves’ healthy rabbits, and all experimental animals have been adapted in the animal house. The current study includes comparative examinations between two types of animals that were divided into two groups: wild and albino rats, (6 animals for each group). The routine stained used (Haematoxylin and Eosin Staining). Results: The hypothalamus of wild rats is composed of many nuclei organized into discrete areas, each of which carries out specific tasks. with the anterior part of the hypothalamus having a greater concentration of nuclei. While glial cells are less common in wild animals, the majority of neurons in wild rats are multipolar, have long axons, and have a rich cellular structure that highlights the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus of albino rats, on the other hand, has larger nuclei, which are clustered in the posterior region. Compared to wild rats, these nuclei have a lower blood supply and are made up of thinner and smaller neurons. These cells’ cellular distribution and arrangement imply that the hypothalamus of albino rats supports a wider variety of functions than that of other species. Important anatomical differences between the hypothalamus of wild and albino rats are further highlighted by the fact that albino rats have a higher number of glial cells, particularly astrocytes, which are scattered and mixed with the neuropil. Conclusion: According to the histological comparative study, the hypothalamus of the two rat species differed greatly, depending on their diets and behaviors.
Comparative Histological Evaluation of the Nictitating Gland Between Cat (Felis Catus) and Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)
This study focuses on the third eyelid gland morphology and histological examination in Cats (Felis catus) and Rabbits. From adult rabbits and cats, ten nictitating membranes were removed and sections examined under a light microscope, and a macroscope. The entire length of a pigmented long, thin, curved structure resembling the eyeball was the dorsal and ventral wings of cartilage — that was only complete in the illustration. Sinus of the ventral wing was less than dorsal wing. There were lymphoid nodules at the bottom of the refractive outside, and the cartilage had two surfaces: the corneal and palmebral. The nictitating gland had an oval shape and seemed to be a [complex acinar gland. The cartilage had isogenous chondrocyte clusters which were diagnosable under a microscope. Further, these results offer relevant reference data in supporting future anatomy studies and treatment about feline third eyelid diseases and aging signs in ocular diseases. Rabbit Nictitating gland Gland is embedded into the conjunctiva and lateral eyelid . It is called semi-circular and smooth in form. From this intricate structure, rich in essential lubrication and protection of the eyes serious and mucous secretions are emitted by a complicated gland. By histology the gland is made up of acinar cells that are cuboidal or column in appearance responsible for fluid secretion, Ductal cells displaying stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium and help in the transport of secretion, and Myoepithelial cells as the antagonist in expulsion of glandular contents triggered by contraction. The connective stroma of this gland, which keeps it from being squishy and gives it shape, consists of collagen, fibroblasts and elastic fibers. Each of these traits clearly points to the gland possing a unique function with respect to tear secretion and eye health in rabbits.
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF MANNAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE ON BIOCHEMICAL PRO FILE IN SVVU T17 CROSSBRED PIGS
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) on biochemical profile in SVVU T17 crossbred pigs. Twenty-four SVVU T17 crossbred male grower pigs above 2 months of age were randomly divided into four groups with six piglets in each group i.e., T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups. The experiment was conducted for 45 days and at the end of experiment blood samples were collected for estimation of biochemical profile. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels in T2 and T3 groups compared to control T0 group. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in creatinine levels in T3 groups compared to control group. Amylase levels were significantly increased (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 groups compared to T1 and control groups. Whereas, bicarbonate levels were significantly lowered in T2 and T3 groups compared to T1 and T0 groups. The calcium levels were significantly lower in T2 and T3 groups compared to T0 and T1 groups. Phosphorus showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in all the MOS supplemented groups compared to control group. Higher chloride values were seen in T2 and T3 groups compared to T0 and T1 groups. BUN, ALP, bilirubin, sodium and potassium did not differ significantly (p>0.05) among treatment groups when compared with control group. In conclusion, mannan-oligosaccharide had a positive influence on biochemical parameters of SVVU T17 crossbred pig.
m a n n a n - o l i g o s a c c h a r i d e
DIETARY PREBIOTICS IN AUGMENTING THE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES AND THY ROID HORMONES IN SVVU T17 CROSSBRED PIGS
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of prebiotics mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) on antioxidant and thyroid status in SVVU T17 crossbred pigs. Twenty-four SVVU T17 crossbred male grower pigs above 2 months of age were randomly divided into four groups with six piglets in each group i.e., P0, P1, P2 and P3 groups. The experiment was conducted for 45 days and at the end of experiment blood samples were collected for estimation of antioxidants and thyroid levels. There was a significant increase (P<0.05) in Catalase, SOD and GSH-Px enzymes level with raise in MOS concentration in basal diet, whereas MDA levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased exclusively in P2 and P3. Triiodothyronine levels were not influenced by MOS inclusion in grower diets but Thyroxin hormone levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in all groups irrespective of MOS inclusion, whereas TSH hormone levels were raised in P3 group but P1 and P2 groups were in same range with control groups. In conclusion, MOS had a positive influence on antioxidant enzyme (Catalase, SOD and GSH-Px) levels by reducing oxidative stress (MDA levels) significantly (P<0.05), whereas a significant decrease in T4 hormone and increase in TSH levels in SVVU T17 crossbred pigs.
Epidemiological aspects and clinical diagnosis of magnesium deficiency in Buffaloes north of Basrah, Iraq
Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a central role in numerous enzymatic reactions, neuromuscular function, and energy metabolism. Deficiency of magnesium in ruminants is often underdiagnosed due to the absence of pathognomonic signs, yet it may substantially impair productivity and health. In the Basrah region of southern Iraq, buffaloes represent a vital livestock resource, and subclinical nutritional imbalances may negatively affect their performance. The present investigation was managed to investigate the epidemiological aspects, biochemical alterations, and clinical manifestations related to magnesium deficiency in buffaloes located north of Basrah. A total of 112 buffaloes were examined through clinical evaluation and laboratory analysis. Serum concentrations of magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, and albumin were measured. Environmental parameters, containing ambient temperature, humidity, and wind speed, were also recorded to evaluate their potential contribution to deficiency risk. Results demonstrated that affected buffaloes exhibited markedly lower serum magnesium concentrations (0.52 ± 0.01 mmol/L) compared with healthy controls (1.03 ± 0.02 mmol/L; p < 0.05). Clinically, deficient animals presented with loss of appetite, restlessness, progressive emaciation, teeth grinding, muscular tremors, and generalized weakness. Biochemically, magnesium deficiency was strongly related to reduced serum calcium and sodium levels, while potassium was meaningfully elevated. Seasonal variations also influenced magnesium status, with the lowest mean concentrations recorded through December (0.44 ± 0.056 mmol/L), coinciding with adverse climatic conditions. These results propose that nutritional imbalances, compounded by environmental stressors, may predispose buffaloes in Basrah to hypomagnesemia. In conclusion, magnesium deficiency represents an underrecognized metabolic disorder in buffaloes raised under the ecological conditions of southern Iraq. Regular monitoring of mineral status, along with improved nutritional management strategies, is recommended to reduce the incidence of deficiency and enhance overall buffalo productivity.
The polymorphism of ANXA9 gene and its relationship with body dimensions in Awassi Sheep
This study was conducted at the sheep and goat breeding station in Shatrah city, Thi Qar Governorate, southern Iraq, and included 39 Awassi ewes aged 2-4 years. The aim of the research was to study the effect of the polymorphism of the ANXA9 gene on some body dimension traits in Awassi sheep to benefit from it in early selection for these traits. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each animal, and then the genetic material (DNA) was extracted from them. Then, the targeted segment of the studied gene was amplified using PCR technology and electrophoresis was performed to confirm the size of the targeted segment of the gene in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Thi Qar University. The results showed the presence of three variations (SNPs) in the targeted segment (172 C/G, , 385 G/T,393G/C) occurred in intron 4 of chromosome 1in sheep. The three SNPs did not differ significantly between their genotypes according to the resulting Chi-square value. The first mutation (GC) had no significant effect on the studied body dimensions, while the GT mutation showed a significant effect on the body length, chest and abdominal circumference traits in sheep. There was also a significant difference for the CG mutation in the front and rear height traits of sheep, which indicates the possibility of using them as selective indicators for these traits in Awassi sheep.
Calf Rearing Practices Adopted by Kankrej Cattle Keepers in BanaskanthaDistrict of Gujarat
A field study was conducted in Banaskantha district of Gujarat to know the calf rearing practices followed by Kankrej cattle owners. Three tehsil were purposively selected where highest Kankrej cattle population and four villages were selected randomly from each tehsil. Ten respondents from each of village were selected thus making a sample of 120 Kankrej cattle owners. The study revealed that majority of the respondents (95.83 per cent) attended calving and care of the calves after parturition. Majority 81.67 per cent of respondents did not followed practice of ligation and disinfection of the navel cord. All the respondents followed practice of feeding colostrum to new born calves but only 21.67 per cent of the respondents fed colostrum to new born calves within one to two hour of birth. More than half (63.33 per cent) of cattle keepers did not perform deworming practices in calves. Only 32.50 per cent respondents provided jacketing as well as bedding on litter during winter to protect calves from cold and majority (79.17 per cent) of respondents vaccinate their calves against disease and isolate the sick animals from healthy ones.
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES of MYCOPLASMA WENYONII INFECTION IN DEER OF BASRAH, IRAQ
Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and molecular studies have been conducted and implemented for Hemomycoplasmosis (Haemoplasma) caused by Mycoplasma wenyonii, which was diagnosed in diseased anemic deer. Thirty-five (53) deer in Basrah, Iraq, exhibited signs of anemia, pyrexia, and panting. The causative organism was identified through Giemsa-stained blood smears and confirmed by PCR, with all tested samples yielding positive results (100%). Diseased deer showed various clinical signs, including loss of appetite (98.11%), enlargement of superficial lymph nodes (86.79%), anemia with pale mucous membranes (81.14%), panting with decreased performance (75.47%), and rough skin (64.15%). A significant reduction in blood indices, including total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume, indicated normocytic normochromic anemia. Additionally, leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis and monocytosis was observed. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) values were also elevated in diseased deer. Significant differences were found in clotting factor values. Furthermore, marked hypoproteinemia was detected in affected deer, along with a notable increase in total and indirect bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). It is concluded that Hemomycoplasmosis continues to circulate among most domestic animals, including deer. Therefore, the development of effective control programs should commence.
Immunological and Histopathological Study for Broiler’s chicken Infected with H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus
Avian influenza (AI), commonly known as bird flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that affects a wide range of bird species, including domestic poultry. Among the various subtypes of avian influenza viruses, H9N2 is one of the most widespread and economically significant low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) in poultry. First identified in the 1960s, H9N2 has since become endemic in many regions, particularly in Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa (Peacock et al., 2019). Although it is classified as low pathogenic, meaning it typically causes mild clinical signs, H9N2 can still lead to substantial economic losses in the poultry industry due to reduced egg production, poor growth rates, and increased susceptibility to secondary infections (Butt et al., 2002).
Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus in Broiler Chickens Using PCR and Sequencing
Newcastle disease (ND) is caused by a virulent strain of paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) infected with high morbidity and mortality, ND consider highly pathogenic disease of poultry and is caused by virulent, messogenic and lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The velogenic NDV infected poultry and cause high mortality high economic loses in poultry industry. In last year’s Broilers and layer poultry farms in Iraq suffer from high morbidity and mortality, clinically characterized by tortocalus with greenish diarrhea and sharp decrease in egg production with high morbidity and mortality, grossly characterized by ulceration in proventriculus, cecal tonsils and payer’s patches, so that this research was designed for identification of velogenic strains of NDV in Iraq. Fifteen samples (trachea, spleen and intestine) were collected from infected poultry flock after (3-5) days post clinical signs appear. The molecular methods (RT-PCR) test confirmed three samples infected with vNDV, Nucleotide sequences of vNDV were obtained from NCBI websites and alignment with other researchers concerned in this topic. The three sequencing results in this study have been submitted to the gene bank database under accession number MN901943.1, MN901944.1, and MN901945.1, phylogenetic analysis of our sequences were used to relatedness of strain obtaining with other vNDV around the world, the a current sequences of NDV strains were found to be related as a common ancestor with Iranian registered NDV.
Trends in Publication, Authorship Pattern and Collaboration Networks in Indian Journal of Animal Sciences: A Bibliometric Study (2010-2024)
This article examines the contribution of the SCOPUS indexed Indian Journal of Animal Sciences from the SCOPUS database covering the period 2010 to 2024, resulting in 4121 documents. The research emphasizes trends, significant research domains, and the journal’s influence on promoting studies in multidisciplinary fields. The study evaluates publication counts, authorship trends, collaborative patterns among authors, yearly article distribution, and categorization of papers by professional category using various tools and techniques. The analysis shows increasing acknowledgment of the journal’s contributions, highlighting its importance in sharing essential research results. It presents the Indian Journal of Animal Sciences as an important platform to enhance the quality and standards of education and research output and offers potential future research directions in this rapidly developing field.
Feeding Practices in Small Holder Production System by Dairy Farmers of Meerut District, Uttar Pradesh
A study was conducted in small holder production system to understand feeding practices of dairy farmers of Meerut district. 100 farmers having land holding up to 4 acres were selected randomly, 50 from rural and 50 from urban area of the district. A suitable interview schedule was developed for these farmers to record the observations. The study revealed major differences in rearing preferences of dairy farmers based on family and caste system in urban and rural area. Majority of dairy farmers had good experience in dairy farming with moderate income status. Significant differences were observed in feeding of roughages and concentrate to animals, formulation of concentrate and method of feeding concentrate to animals in the study area. Improved feeding techniques such as urea treatment, conservation of feed and fodder as hay and silage were less popular in both the areas of the study. The major limitations included problems related to infertility in animals, lesser knowledge of technology driven practices and unavailability of veterinary laboratory testing facilities in the area.
Growth performance of Nellore Sheep and Aseel Poultry under Duplex Model Housing system in Scarce Rainfall Zone of Andhra Pradesh
Small ruminants plays an important role in rainfed agriculture. Rearing of ram lambs for fattening is a common practice in scarce rainfall zone of Andhra Pradesh. The usual method of rearing is extensive system and provision of night shelter with mud floor. Elevated floor system has many advantages to eliminate the existing problem of ammonia accumulation in the shed and suitable for intensive feeding which also reduces the cost on labour. Rearing of poultry and ram lambs under one shelter with a concept of two-layer livestock system was developed at KVK, Yagantipalle. The present study was conducted to assess the growth performance of ram lambs and Aseel poultry under different systems. Higher body weight gain of Ram lambs and poultry was observed under two-layer system compared to traditional system.
Effects of Non-genetic Factors on Breeding Efficiency in Hariana cattle at organized farm
The present investigation was undertaken to study the breeding efficiency by Tomar method (BET). Data of breeding information were collected from the history sheet registers and herd inventory registers of Hariana cattle maintained at Livestock Farm Complex, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura. Data on productive animals born between 1962 and 2024 were gathered. A total of 742 animal records were collected from the farm. The mean breeding efficiency was 63.9% with standard error and standard deviation of 0.44 and 11.8, respectively. The coefficient of variation estimated for breeding efficiency was 18.52. The overall least-squares mean for breeding efficiency was estimated as 65.1 ± 0.39%. Significant differences were observed between the periods of birth, AFC classes, and parity of cows for BE. The heritability estimate for breeding efficiency was 0.586.
Impact of Milking Methods on the Productivity and Efficiency of Kankrej Cattle
The study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and productivity of hand milking versus machine milking methods in Kankrej cattle at the Livestock Research Station, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat. Twenty lactating cows were selected and divided into two groups to compare milking time, yield, and milk composition. Machine milking was found to be more efficient with significantly higher milk yield and reduced milking time while maintaining comparable milk quality parameters. These findings support the adoption of machine milking in Kankrej cattle for improved dairy farm efficiency.
Kankrej cattle, hand milking, machine milking, milk yield, milking time, milk composition
Prevalence of mastitis and their relations with risk factors in extensively managed sheep flocks
Mastitis presents a significant challenge in sheep flocks, akin to its impact on high producing dairy cows. This condition not only reduces milk yield but also negatively affects pre-weaning lamb growth, potentially increasing lamb mortality due to starvation in meat-producing flocks. In India, particularly in Sabarkantha district, data on the prevalence of clinical mastitis in extensively managed sheep flocks are limited, partly due to the practice of not milking ewes, which leads to undetected cases. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of clinical mastitis and its association with various risk factors in Sabarkantha district of Gujarat, where sheep are traditionally managed by the Bharvad community through grazing in both hilly and plain areas. A total of 21 flocks from 12 villages were randomly selected, with 6 villages each from plain and hilly regions involving 617 lactating ewes. Clinical mastitis was diagnosed based on symptoms such as udder swelling and abnormal milk. Data on risk factors including parity number, floor hygiene, treatment practices, and flock size were also collected. Composite milk samples from affected ewes were analyzed for bacterial culture and identification. The results showed that the overall prevalence of clinical mastitis in ewes was 10.19±0.64%. Flocks size was found to be associated with mastitis prevalence %, as it was higher i.e. 13.71% in larger flocks compare to small or medium sized flocks may be attributed to poorer hygiene conditions particularly in large flocks. Parity number and regional differences significantly impacted mastitis prevalence, with higher prevalence in sheep with more parities and in plain regions compared to hilly areas. Treatment practices were found to significantly affect mastitis frequency, with a notable decrease in prevalence when treatment was administered. Bacteriological analysis of 47 positive mastitis cases revealed Staphylococcus spp. as the most common pathogen, followed by Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., and other Gram-negative bacteria. The study highlights the need for targeted mastitis control strategies, considering factors such as parity number, regional differences, and treatment practices, to effectively manage mastitis in grazing sheep systems.
Consumer Perception towards Fresh Meat and Processed Meat Consump tion in the city of Tirupati, India
A study was conducted to understand consumer perception towards meat and meat products consumption in Tirupati city. The city of Tirupati has witnessed a sharp rise in the households which is evident with the rapid expansion of the city outskirts by means of real-estate developments. This pose a greater scope for meat startups to be established in the rapidly developing city. A total of 200 respondents were randomly selected and were interviewed. Data were collected using pre- tested structured interview schedule by personal interviews. The study group comprised of 76 males & 124 females. The educational background of respondents was found to vary between uneducated to PG & PhD level. The overall mean age of the consumers was found to be (33.5) of which majority (45%) belong to middle age group. The study revealed that most of the consumers ate meat for taste (67%) and health benefits (33%) and usually consume meat twice in a week (51%). The most preferred meat was chicken (53%), followed by chevon (21%), sea foods (fish, prawns 16%) and other meat (10%). Gravy type meat products were most preferred, followed by biryani (19%) and fried meat products (15%). Most of the consumers (63%) opined that meat have good cholesterol (HDL) and (28%) as bad cholesterol (LDL) whereas (9%) opined as both. The willingness to purchase chilled/ frozen meat was very low (5%). The acceptance of the respondents towards processed meat products such as pickles (80%), comminuted meat products at (20%) respectively. The majority of the respondents (82%) believed that over consuming of meat leads to heart problems and other diseases. Unfortunately (78%) of the respondents have no idea about what kind of vitamins and minerals are present in meat. Most of the consumers said that ideal method for cooking is boiling (78%) and frying (22%). Only (40%) of the respondents have awareness about zoonotic diseases. Food safety has emerged as an important global issue with international trade and public health implications. The current study also revealed that most of the respondents have no idea about laws pertaining to food safety. The. results indicated that most respondents consume meat for taste and as a cultural tradition. However, majority of the consumers lack scientific backdrop about fresh meat and processed meat, which further can be overcome by conducting extensive awareness programmes and advertisements by the government agencies and entrepreneurs in the meat trade. The consumer awareness about scientific handling of meat can safeguard their health and also pave a way for huge investments in the meat startups in the developing cities.
Effects of Non-genetic Factors on First Dry Period in Hariana cattle atorganized farm
Data of 705 Hariana cows, maintained at livestock farm complex, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan, DUVASU, Mathura, for a period from 1962 and 2024 was collected to study effect of non-genetic factors on first dry period. The non-genetic factor effects such as period, season and AFC age group were studied by least-squares analysis. The differences between two subclasses of each effect were tested by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Heritability was estimated by paternal half-sib correlation method. First dry period was 306.6 days, with standard error and standard deviation of 7.34 and 193.7 respectively. The overall least-squares mean for first dry period estimated were 297.54 ± 9.60 days. Season and period of calving had significant effect on first dry period. AFC had non-significant effect on first dry period. The heritability estimates for first service period was 0.164. Genetic correlation of first dry period with breeding efficiency (Wilcox method), breeding efficiency (Tomar method) and age at first calving was -0.946, -0.968 and 0.212 respectively.
Economic Evaluation of Species Composition Effects on Feed Costs in Indi an Major Carp Polyculture: A Case Study from Tripura, India
In this study, the ratio of feed cost to production income was determined for carp polyculture systems in Tripura, India. Data was collected from experimental ponds over a 10-month culture period from May to February. Three different species compositions of Indian major carps were evaluated: Treatment 1 (Catla 40%, Rohu 30%, Mrigal 30%), Treatment 2 (Catla 30%, Rohu 40%, Mrigal 30%), and Treatment 3 (Catla 30%, Rohu 30%, Mrigal 40%). All ponds were stocked at a density of 7500 fingerlings per hectare in 200 m² experimental ponds with water depths of 1-1.5 m. Feed consumption, growth parameters, and economic indicators were monitored throughout the production cycle. Other operating costs during the production period (pond preparation, fingerlings, labor, equipment, depreciation, marketing, etc.) were excluded from the analysis. In carp polyculture, feed represents the highest share of total production costs during the growing period. According to the study results, the feed cost/production income ratio of Treatment 2 was the most favorable at 0.28, followed by Treatment 1 at 0.29, and Treatment 3 at 0.31. Production levels ranged from 4000-4090 kg/ha across treatments. Treatment 2 showed better economic performance due to the higher proportion of Rohu, which demonstrated superior feed conversion rates under the study conditions. The findings suggest that optimizing species composition in carp polyculture systems can improve economic returns by enhancing feed utilization efficiency.
A study was conducted in smallholder production systems to understand the feeding practices of dairy farmers in Meerut district. A total of 100 farmers having land holdings up to 4 acres were randomly selected, with 50 from rural and 50 from urban areas of the district. A suitable interview schedule was developed to collect observations. The study revealed major differences in rearing preferences among dairy farmers based on family structure and caste system in rural and urban areas. Most dairy farmers had considerable experience in dairy farming and reported a moderate income level. Significant differences were observed in the feeding of roughages and concentrates, formulation of concentrate, and the method of concentrate feeding across the two groups. However, improved feeding techniques such as urea treatment, feed and fodder conservation (as hay and silage), were not commonly adopted in either area. Major limitations faced by the farmers included infertility problems in animals, limited knowledge of technology-driven practices, and the unavailability of veterinary laboratory testing facilities.
Evaluation of Economic Sustainability of Crop and Livestock Integrated Farming Systems Under Rainfed Agriculture
Majority of the Indian economy is in the hands of small and marginal farmers with 80% of total land holdings having less than 1ha of cultivable land. Integration of livestock with crop provides scope for effective utilization of byproducts which assures the profitability of the farming system. Integrated Farming System approach is required to enhance the living standards of the small and marginal farmers. The present study revealed the profitable farming systems in major farming situations and its diversification. It was observed that the farming system consisting of seasonal crops along with dairy, sheep and poultry was found most profitable than cultivation of crops alone. The economic sustainability of the faming systems was evolved through Sustainability Value Index (SVI). Most of the farming systems in the rainfed black soils were found sustainable. But only one farming system in rainfed red soils was found sustainable.The Simpson Index of Diversification (SID) was also assessed and observed more diversification in the farming systems under rainfed red soils. The results of the study are useful for small and marginal farmers to adopt the suitable farming system.
Effect of dietary supplementation ofliquid distillery stillage on growth per formance of Rajasri chicks
The present study was conducted at institutional poultry farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nandyal District, Andhra Pradesh, India to evaluate the effects of dietary liquid distillery stillage (LDS) supplementation on the growth performance of the Rajasri chicks. A total of 60 one-week-old Rajasri chicks were divided into three groups, and each group supplemented a different dietary treatment: T0 (basal diet without antibiotic), T1 (70% basal diet + 30% LDS), and T2 (50% basal diet + 50% LDS).The results indicated significant differences in growth among the dietary treatments. The highest average feed intake was observed in T2across all four weeks. Similarly, T2 showed the highest average body weight gain, suggesting better growth compared to T0 and T1. Moreover, T2 consistently exhibited the lowest FCR across all four weeks, indicating better feed efficiency compared to the other treatments. On the other hand, T1 showed intermediate performance in all three parameters, while T0 had the least favourable outcomes. From the experiment, it was concluded that, the supplementation of LDS in the diet of Rajasri chicks at 50% have resulted in improved feed intake, body weight gain, and feed efficiency, indicating enhanced growth performance. These findings underscore the significance of optimizing feed formulations to support better growth and productivity in poultry production systemsto achieve optimal growth and profitability in poultry farming.
Productive performance of broiler chickens fed two commercial diets under tropical conditions
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two commercial diets on the production performance of broiler chicks under tropical conditions. The experiment was conducted with 100 two-day-old Cobb-500TM chicks randomly assigned to two treatments, each group using two levels of a commercial crumb feed brand (n=50): Group 1 Apiaba® commercial feed (23% and 18.5% protein) and Group 2 Purina® commercial feed (23% and 18.5% protein). No significant differences were found between treatments for any of the production variables evaluated (P > 0.05). However, there was a statistical trend for initial weight (P = 0.06). Regarding feed intake, broilers fed Apiaba® had higher feed intake in weeks four and five compared to Purina® (13.04% week 4 and 9.08% week 5, P < 0.05). These results indicate that the differences in intake occurred during the mid-growth stages, while no significant differences were observed during the other weeks. In general, both diets gave similar results under the conditions evaluated, making them reliable alternatives for small scale poultry farmers under conditions similar to those of the present study.
Challenges and Pathways in Dissemination and Adoption of Better Practices for Dairy Cattle Welfare in India
The rapidly growing global human population, currently at 8 billion (UN, 2022), poses significant challenges to food and nutritional security. Livestock, especially dairy production, has the potential to play a transformative role in addressing these challenges by converting low value, inedible resources into essential animal source foods such as milk, meat, and eggs. Despite ongoing efforts to enhance productivity in this sector, there are growing concerns about the ethical implications, particularly regarding animal welfare. The rising consumer awareness and changing attitudes toward the treatment of farm animals have made animal welfare a crucial factor in modern dairy farming. The welfare of dairy animals is not only a matter of ethical concern but is also closely linked to the efficiency of production systems and the quality of the end products. In the Indian context, where dairy cattle hold both economic and cultural significance, the reality often contrasts with the ideal, as evidenced by the high number of stray cattle and compromised animal welfare. Addressing these challenges is essential for the sustainability of dairy farming, and this can be achieved through the integration of welfare-oriented management practices. Such practices include proper feeding, breeding, housing, health management, and humane handling during transportation. By adopting these strategies, which also align with changing consumer preferences, dairy farming can become more sustainable and economically viable, benefiting both animals and farmers.
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