The Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction
Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction (IJAR) is the official journal of the Indian Society for the Study of Animal Reproduction (ISSAR). The journal publishes high-quality original research, review articles, short communications, and clinical case reports in the field of animal reproduction. The scope of IJAR covers a broad range of topics including: Veterinary gynaecology and obstetrics Andrology and semen biology Spermatogenesis and semen preservation Artificial insemination techniques Embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) Endocrinology and reproductive physiology Reproductive biotechnology Clinical reproductive disorders and case documentation Publication Frequency IJAR is published quarterly, with issues released in: March, June, September, and December.
The Indian Society for Study of Animal Reproduction (ISSAR)
Awareness Among Dairy Farmers Regarding Breeding and Health Practices in Una and Hoshiarpur
This study was conducted to assess and compare the awareness and adoption of reproductive and healthcare manage ment practices among dairy farmers in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab and Una district of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 80 respondents (40 from each district) were selected using a purposive random sampling method. Data were collected through a pre-tested structured interview schedule and analysed using descriptive statistics and t-tests to determine the significance of observed differences.The results revealed significant regional disparities in both awareness and adoption of recommended dairy practices. Farmers from Hoshiarpur consistently reported higher mean scores across most indi cators. In reproductive and breeding management, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in farmers’ knowledge regarding the importance of age at first insemination (Hoshiarpur: M = 0.90 ± 0.04; Una: M = 0.70 ± 0.07), preference for artificial insemination over natural service (0.82 ± 0.06 vs. 0.62 ± 0.07), awareness of heat detection (0.82 ± 0.06 vs. 0.60 ± 0.07), semen quality (0.75 ± 0.06 vs. 0.52 ± 0.07) and use of veterinary help during parturition (0.82 ± 0.06 vs. 0.57 ± 0.07). In terms of healthcare practices, significant differences were found in seasonal vaccination awareness (0.95 ± 0.03 vs. 0.80 ± 0.06) and application of prophylactic measures against contagious diseases (0.32 ± 0.07 vs. 0.12 ± 0.05).The overall mean adoption score was significantly higher in Hoshiarpur (0.68 ± 0.05) than Una (0.53 ± 0.06), indicating more effective extension and veterinary service delivery in Punjab. These findings emphasize the need for focused awareness programs, improved service infrastructure and targeted interventions in Una district to enhance reproductive efficiency and health management in dairy farming.
Dystocia Due to Poll Presentation in Crossbred Primipara Black Bengal Doe
The presented case of dystocia in crossbred primipara Black Bengal doe with fetus poll presentation (anterior longitudinal presentation, dorso sacral position, flexed fore limbs) was rectified by manual manipulation using small eye hook as obstetrical tool. On per-vaginal examination, cervix was found to be dilated and top of the head (poll region) of fetus was felt which waslater confirmed by diagnostic imaging (X-ray). A dead foetus was delivered by traction through eye hook along with the fetal membrane. The doe was administered with antibiotics, pain killer, Vitamin B complex, calcium and other fluid therapy, ecbolics and the doe recovered eventually.
Effect of Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) Versus Polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) on in vitro Maturation of Oocytes Retrieved by Ovum Pick-up (OPU) in Sahiwal Cows
The experiment was conducted to compare the effect of supplementation of fetal calf serum (FCS) versus polyvin ylpyrrolidine (PVP) on in vitro maturation (IVM) of the bovine oocytes collected by ovum pick-up (OPU) method. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COC’s) obtained by follicular aspiration having at least a complete layer of cumulus cells were randomly divided into two groups containing 10 replicates each of 10-12 oocytes. In vitro maturation of the COC’s supplementation of 5% FCS showed (Mean±Std. Error, %) higher full expansion of cumulus cells (9.20±0.64, 90.20) in comparison to 1% PVP (8.5±0.45, 81.73), though non-significant. On the other hand, COC’s showing intermedi ate expansion were significantly low (p<0.05) in maturation media (Mean±Std. Error, %) supplemented with 5% FCS (0.40±0.21, 3.9) in comparison to 1% PVP (1.30± 0.30, 12.50). Higher maturation rate in media supplemented with FCS might be due to growth factors, nutrients, hormones and antioxidants present in it. FCS contains number of growth fac tors that play an important role in regulation of oocyte maturation, particularly via cumulus cells. IVM media containing 5% FCS provides a favourable environment in comparison to 1% PVP for in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes obtained though ovum pick-up.
Management of Coexisting Luteal and Follicular Ovarian Cysts in a Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cow
Ovarian cysts are one of the most common postpartum ovarian dysfunctions in cattle. The present case reports an incidence of COD and its successful therapeutic management in a cow at institute dairy herd. Per-rectal examination of the genitalia and transvaginal ultrasound examination of the ovaries at ten days interval confirmed the persistence of a hypoechoic structure (4.05 cm in diameter) as a luteal cyst. Treatment with CIDR+Ovsynch protocol with timed AI was effective in the induction of estrus and resulted in successful establishment of pregnancy.
Prediction of Parturition in Canine Using Serial Ultrasound Foetal Monitoring and Serum Progesterone Levels
A 2-year-old Himalayan Sheepdog with unclear mating history was presented with concerns of delayed parturition. Diagnostic procedures used were serial serum progesterone analysis and ultrasonography to determine approximate gestational age and foetal viability. Data collection of the same parameters were done 48 hrs apart. Owner was advised to monitor rectal temperature and wait for natural whelping after drop in progesterone levels. On first ultrasound scan bi-parietal diameter (BPD) and foetal heart rate were 2.62cm and 244 bpm, respectively. The corresponding serum progesterone was 3.15ng/ml. The readings pertaining to bi-parietal diameter (BPD) and foetal heart rate 48 hours after first clinical examinations were 2.76 cm and 236 bpm, respectively, whereas the serum progesterone was 0.76 ng/ml. Eventually the bitch delivered eight healthy puppies naturally after 14 hrs of last sample collection.
Dystocia Due to Fetal Ascites in a Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
An eight-year, fifth parity buffalo was reported to Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Rampura Phul with problem of obstructed fetus in birth canal, hyperthermia and severe distress. The case was diagnosed as dystocia due fetal ascites and complicated by hyperthermia. Successful management of hyperthermia and per-vaginal delivery through obstetrical maneuver is presented in this paper.
Dystocia due to Fetal Hydrocephalus in a Non-Descript Nulliparous Doe
A one-year-old nulliparous non-descript doe was presented with the history of delivery of a live kid 24 hours before and straining with no progress. Vaginal examination revealed fully dilated cervix with the foetus in anterior longitudinal pre sentation, dorso sacral position with bilateral shoulder flexion and enlarged fetal head suggesting hydrocephalus. Under epidural anaesthesia, a dead female fetus was relieved by mutation and controlled traction and the doe was treated with an antibiotic, antihistaminic, anti-inflammatories and an ecbolic for three days resulting in uneventful recovery.
Association of Libido with Serum Hormone Profile and Semen Quality in Breeding Buffalo Bulls
The libido of buffalo bulls is crucial factor for influencing the semen production for artificial insemination programs. The present study investigated the relationship of libido with hormonal profiles and semen quality of Murrah (n = 5) and Nili Ravi (n =1) buffalo bulls classified into good (n = 2), average (n = 2) and poor (n = 2) libido groups based on reac tion time (< 3 min, between 3-6 min and > 6 min, respectively). Serum testosterone, estradiol, prolactin and kisspeptin levels were assayed post-GnRH administration using ELISA kits, while serum nitric oxide (NO) was assayed using Griess reaction kit (ELISA kit). Fresh semen quality (volume, concentration, total motility) and post-thaw frozen semen qual ity, including CASA-derived motion traits and morphological parameters, were evaluated. Serum testosterone, estradiol, prolactin kisspeptin and NO didn’t significantly differ across libido groups, however testosterone to estradiol (T/E) ratio was significantly higher in bulls exhibiting good libido traits (p < 0.05). Among hormones, solely kisspeptin and T/E ratio showed significant positive correlation with each other. Fresh semen parameters (volume, sperm concentration and fresh motility) were significantly superior in the good libido buffalo bulls (p < 0.01). For post-thaw semen, motility parameters were similar across groups, while several kinetic motion traits (DCL, DSL, DAP, VCL, VSL, VAP, radius, ALH, HAC) were significantly higher in good libido group (p < 0.01). Sperm viability, acrosomal integrity, and mito chondrial membrane potential didn’t differ significantly (p > 0.05). Evaluating correlation among serum hormones and semen quality, T/E ratio showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation with DCL, DSL, DAP and VSL, while relation among other parameters remained non-significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, good libido of buffalo bulls positively influences their semen quality. Among serum hormones, T/E ratio influences the libido exhibition in buffalo bulls
Ultrasonographic and Dopplerfluxometria Assessment of Renal Function in Pyometra-Affected Bitches
Pyometra is a complex diestrual disorder that primarily affects the uterus in mature bitches and can have systemic effects on various organs and physiological systems. One of the main complications observed with this disease is its renal affection. Though detection of renal impairment has been traditionally done by evaluating serum biochemical values or urinary biochemical results; analysis of renal size and perfusion employing ultrasonography and Dopplerfluxometria offer new means of analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the renal function in pyometra affected bitches employing the traditionally used serum and urinary parameters as well as ultrasonographic and Dopplerfluxometria assessment. Thirteen bitches affected with pyometra and six healthy bitches, kept as control, were used in the study. The animals were assessed for renal injury by evaluating serological parameters such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine; urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR) and renal ultrasonographic evaluation and Dopplerfluxometria. It was noted that Dopplerfluxometria of renal artery offered evidence of renal damage in instances where serological, urinary and renal size assessments failed to detect any indications of renal impairment in pyometra affected bitches.
Effect of Letrozole Based Intravaginal Device on Follicular Dynamics, Luteal Function and Fertility in Crossbred Cows Exhibiting Prolonged Oestrus
Eighteen cows exhibiting prolonged oestrus were randomly allotted to three groups (n=6 cows/group; Group I, II, III) and six cows with normal duration of oestrus formed Group IV. Letrozole impregnated (37.5mg) polyurethane sponge was used as intra-vaginal letrozole releasing device (IVLRD) and was inserted in Group I and II cows, whereas plain intra-vaginal device (IVD-P) was inserted in Group III and IV, on day 12 of observed oestrus. The IVD was removed on day 17 in all the groups; in Group II, 500 µg of cloprostenol was given parenterally, at the time of device removal. All the cows were artificially inseminated (AI) in the succeeding oestrus. Blood samples were collected for serum hormone assay and trans-rectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for ovarian dynamics were carried out in both the cycles. Pregnancy diagnosis by TRUS was carried out on day 45 of AI. Study revealed that letrozole, along with cloprostenol significantly reduced (p<0.05) the duration of oestrus (59.17 ± 3.27 vs 45.67 ± 4.11 h), persistence of dominant follicle (68.67 ± 3.00 vs 54.33 ± 4.14 h) and the suprabasal serum progesterone (P4) levels during the following oestrus (0.69 ± 0.09 vs 0.53 ± 0.06 ng/ mL), while serum P4 levels during dioestrus was significantly (p<0.05) increased (5.07 ± 0.34 vs 7.33 ± 0.26 ng/mL). Luteotropic effect of letrozole was also revealed in the study, as indicated by significantly higher serum P4 levels during late luteal phase in letrozole inserted cows.
Infrared Thermal Imaging of Ocular Surface Temperature Associated with Peripartum Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
The potentiality of digital infrared thermal (IRT) imaging technology has been explored for the first time to monitor the temperature variation during pre, peri and post-partum stages of parturition in buffaloes. Thermograms were recorded in buffaloes from 96 hours before expected time of calving and continued till 96 hours post-calving with an interval of every six hours. With a ΔT of 0.56°C in the ocular region, the data showed a considerable drop in temperature from 48 hours before the onset of calving. Likewise, the residual temperature showed a comparable and noteworthy downward tendency, suggesting that the circadian rhythm had little effect on the body’s surface temperature. The reduction in temperature is attributed to the progesterone that reduces vascular perfusion and cutaneous circulation. Our study’s findings suggested that ocular surface temperature variation in connection to calving, as monitored by digital infrared thermal imaging could be explored as a promising tool for prediction of the onset of calving process in buffaloes.
Effect of Reducing Sperm Number Per Insemination on Post Thaw Semen Quality and Fertility in Crossbred Cows
The present study was carried out to evaluate the impact of using lower sperm concentrations (10 and 15 million per straw) on post-thaw semen quality and conception rates in cows, in comparison to the standard 20 million dose. Frozen semen from fertile crossbred bulls was processed into three concentrations—20M, 15M, and 10M sperm/straw and assessed using Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA). Parameters such as total motility, progressive motility, and sperm kinematics were recorded. Additional evaluations included viability, acrosomal integrity and mitochondrial mem brane potential. A fertility trial was conducted on 75 estrus-synchronized cows divided into three groups of 25 each, corresponding to the three sperm concentrations. Artificial insemination was performed following ovsynch protocol. Conception was confirmed 60 days post AI by per-rectal palpation. CASA analysis of semen showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in motility and kinematic parameters across the three sperm concentrations. In cattle, the highest conception rate (48%) was found with 20M followed by 44% in 10M and 40% in 15M group. Reducing sperm concen tration to 15 and 10 million/straw had no significant effect on conception rate in cows. The findings in present study indicated that there is potential scope of using reduced sperm concentrations per insemination without much decline in CR in cows.
Effect of L- Carnitine Supplementation During in vitro Maturation on Oocyte Maturation and Cleavage Rate in Sahiwal Cows
The experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of L-Carnitine in maturation media on oocyte maturation. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COC’s) obtained by follicular aspiration having at least a complete layer of cumulus cells were randomly divided into two groups containing 10 replicates each of 10-12 oocytes. In vitro matura tion of the COC’s supplementation with 3 mM L-Carnitine showed (Mean± Std. Error; %) significantly lower (p<0.05) complete expansion of cumulus cells (8.00±0.36; 72.07) in comparison to control (10.10± 0.94; 89.38). On the other hand, COC’s showing intermediate expansion were significantly high (p<0.05) in maturation media (Mean±S.E.; %) supplemented with 3 mM L-Carnitine (2.00±0.21; 18.02) in comparison to control (0.50±0.22; 4.42) indicating that sig nificantly high number of COC’s were unable to attain complete cumulus expansion in maturation media supplemented with 3 mM L-Carnitine. The cleavage rate of the COC’s matured with supplementation of 3 mM L-Carnitine showed (Mean±S.E.; %) lower cleavage (7.90±0.41; 72.47) in comparison to control (9.00± 0.88; 81.82), although not significant. IVM media supplemented with 3 mM L-Carnitine does not provides a favourable environment for in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes obtained though ovum pick-up and there is need to find optimum concentration of L-Carnitine which may suit the oocytes of the Sahiwal cows.
Devising Uterine Involution Score Card for Assessment of Postpartum Uterine Remodeling in Dystocia Affected Buffaloes
The future fertility of the postpartum buffalo depends upon healthy peri-partum period subsequently leading to timely uterine involution and lesser development of uterine infections. Dystocia is one of the most important obstetrical con ditions, and requires immediate attention of the veterinarians, to prevent severe economic losses to the farmers arising from postpartum complications. The present study was planned with objective to design a score card for assessing uter ine involution in dystocia affected buffaloes and its validation. The score card was based on six parameters (location of uterus, diameter of cervix, uterine body, gravid and non-gravid uterine horns, and presence of types of uterine fluid) which were evaluated by the per-rectal and USG examination. Uterine torsion was found to be the most common cause of dystocia (50.00%; 15/30) followed by feto-maternal disproportion (20.00%; 6/30), fetal mal-dispositions (20.00%; 6/30) and fetal monstrosity (10.00%; 3/30), respectively. The average uterine involution score on day 20, 45 as well as combined score of all animals and speed of uterine involution was assessed. It was observed that 36.67% animals had delayed uterine involution indicating negative impact of dystocia on uterine health. So, it was concluded that devised uterine involution scorecard in this study could be beneficial for assessment of speed as well as extent of uterine involu tion in dystocia affected animals.
Applications of Nanotechnology in Animal Reproduction: An Overview
Nanotechnology is revolutionizing reproductive management in farm animals. This cutting-edge field enables preci sion interventions in assisted reproductive techniques (ART), including advanced drug delivery systems, cryopreser vation technologies, and manipulation of gametes and embryos. Nanoparticle-based extenders, such as selenium (Se) and nano-zinc oxide (ZnO), mitigate oxidative stress during cryopreservation, improving sperm viability and post-thaw motility. Controlled-release systems utilizing polymeric and metal-based nanoparticles facilitate the sustained deliv ery of reproductive hormones like progesterone and GnRH, optimizing estrous synchronization and superovulation. Additionally, herbal-extracted nanoparticles, such as those from Moringa oleifera and Curcuma caesia, exhibit potent antioxidant properties, further enhancing sperm preservation. Quantum dots provide real-time insights into fertilization dynamics, while biosensors, including L-tyrosine silver nanoparticles, improve estrus detection rate. Despite these prom ising advancements, challenges such as regulatory hurdles, high production costs, and concerns regarding nanoparticle toxicity persist. Future research aims to refine these technologies for enhanced safety, cost-effectiveness, and seamless integration into sustainable livestock breeding programs.
Optimizing Fertility Potential: A Review of Transition Cow Nutrition
The period of transition in dairy cows occurs for a duration of three weeks before and after calving which affects the reproductive efficiency and metabolic adaptation of the whole herd. Transition period is a phase during which the cows are under stress physiologically owing to an increase in the nutrient demand which often results in negative energy bal ance (NEB), metabolic disorders, and fertility issues. Nutritional management such as feeding high energy diets includ ing bypass fat and dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) are essential to alleviate NEB and sustain ovarian activity. Monitoring biochemical profiles helps in formulating feeding regimes for imbalanced calcium, phosphorus, and Non esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels. Custom nutritional strategies during the transition period aid in the optimization of reproductive performance and reduce postpartum complications like hypocalcemia and ketosis. Implementing specific nutritional strategies catered towards the need of the dairy herd can improve cow welfare and ensures sustainable dairy production. The formulation of diets along with tailored nutrition plans must be researched further, especially if the goal is to maximize dairy farm profits while also maximizing fertility and minimizing disruptions in metabolic profiles. This review outlines the importance of diet, biochemical profile monitoring, and a dedicated feeding strategy that aids in developing follicles, ovulation, and conception. By tackling the issues surrounding the transition period, dairy farmers will be able to increase fertility, decrease postpartum complications, and achieve the goal of “one calf a year programme
Evaluation of the Effect of Chia (Salvia hispanica) Seeds Extract in modulating Fertility Potential, Injury and Histopathological Alterations Induced by Fenitrothion in Male Rats
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of chia seed extract as a protective against fenitrothion toxicity in male rats. Total forty rats were divided into four groups: the first group was the control group (no treatment), the second group was treated with Chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight daily, the third group was treated with Fenitrothion at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, and the fourth group was treated with both Chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds and fenitrothion. Rats were treated orally for three weeks daily. The results showed changes in the concentration of hormones and sperm characteristics in rats treated with fenitrothion compared to the control group. The exposure to fenitrothion has a noticeable toxic effect on rats through measuring some vital indicators. The role of chia seed extract in reducing lipid oxidation and improving the antioxidant defense system has been proven. We conclude from the above that exposure to fenitrothion has a noticeable toxic effect on rats through measuring some vital indicators, The role of chia seed extract in reducing lipid oxidation and improving the antioxidant defense system has been proven
Copyright (c) 2025 Sameer Abed Mohammed, Ahmed M Al Yassen, Marwa Salim Ali, Ahmed Flayyih Hasan, Hany M El Wahsh, Mohamed Korish
Right Dorso-Caudal Flank Laparohysterotomy to Manage Prolonged Macerated Fetal Retention in a Cow
A six-year-old pluriparous cow was presented with a history of retained macerated fetus for 99 days. Due to the pelvic location of the uterus, surgical exteriorisation was done through right dorso-caudal flank. Bunch of fetal bones, with 25 ml of purulent exudate, from right uterine horn and two tiny bone fragments at the caudal region of left uterine horn was removed. Follow-up revealed the cow exhibited overt estrus fourteen days post-surgery.
Surgical Management of Uterine Torsion in a Nulliparous Mongrel Bitch
A two year old full term nulliparous mongrel bitch was presented with the history of impending parturition and presence of greenish, blood tinged vulval discharge observed since twenty four hours. Upon physical examination, animal was dull with evident signs of dehydration. Per vaginal examination revealed presence of foul-smelling greenish discharge and absence of any foetal parts in the birth canal. Hematology revealed anemia with regenerative shift to left. Further ultrasonography revealed non-viable, multiple foetal skeletons with less echogenicity. Following, emergency caesarean section, torsion was found in the uterine horn and four dead foetuses were removed and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Post operative care was given with antibiotics and analgesics, eventually animal showed uneventful recovery.
Ectopic Pregnancy in a Non-Descript Goat
Ectopic pregnancy denotes a pregnancy occurring outside the uterine cavity. This report presents a rare case of ectopic pregnancy in a nondescript goat, in which the foetus protruded through the abdominal wall due to the rupture of the uterine musculature peritoneum and muscle. Prompt surgical intervention successfully resolved the condition. The case underscores the importance of early diagnosis and surgical management to ensure favourable outcomes.
Resolution of Uterine Torsion with Incomplete Cervical Dilation through Caesarean Section in a Crossbred Cow
A four years old crossbred cow was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), with a history of full-term preg nancy and signs of labour in the past 15 hours. The case was confirmed left side uterine torsion through per rectal and vaginal examination. Left side uterine torsion was relieved with modified Schaffer’s method but cervical dilatation was not established, inspite of appropriate treatment. The left flank para median site was prepared for performing Caesarean section. The surgical site was prepared aseptically with povidone-iodine solution and anesthetized by local infiltration with 2% lignocaine. A dead emphysematous male calf around 39 kg was delivered from the incision site. The uterine wall was closed with continuous cushing suture pattern, followed by continuous Lembert suture pattern. The animal was treated with standard treatment protocol and skin sutures were removed at 15 days after surgery.
Dystocia Due to Ringwomb in Corriedale Ewe at an Organized Farm in Kashmir
The present case report explains a case of dystocia due to Ringwomb in a Corriedale ewe and its successful management at an organized sheep and goat farm in Kashmir valley. The animal had history of recurrent vaginal prolapse and was managed with standard treatment including applying Buhner’s sutures. One month later the animal started showing signs of lambing and straining but was unable to expel the fetus. On per vaginal examination the cervix was minimally dilated with only three fingers able to pass and the head of the fetus was near the internal os of cervix. The animal was treated with single shot of Dexamethasone (2ml) and Inj. Epidosin (3ml) q.6.h. On next day cervix was fully dilated and the fetal head was palpated. The emphysema had already set in, that made the extraction difficult. However, following mutation the male lamb was delivered by partial traction. The ewe was treated with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistaminic, intrauterine antibiotics and IV fluids. The ewe had an uneventful recovery thereafter
Simultaneous Occurrence of Partial and Complete Fetal Mummification in a Goat with Prolonged Gestation
A four-year-old non-descript goat in her 5th parity was presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Bihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Science University, Patna, Bihar. Owner complained that the animal was pregnant but even after 6 months, the animal did not show any signs of parturition however, the abdomen still showed enlargement. Kidding was induced by synthetic PGF2 alpha analogue and estradiol benzoate. Among three fetuses delivered, one was completely and two were partially mummified.
Dystocia Due to Monocephalic Thoracopagus Tetrabrachius Tetrapus Monster in a Murrah Buffalo
This case report describes the management of dystocia with two female fetuses joined at the thoracic region (Thoracopagus) and having well developed eight limbs i.e. four forelimbs (Tetrabrachius) and four hind limbs (Tetrapus) and both pelvis are separate (Dicaudatus) with ruptured amniotic sacs and the fetus lodged in the birth canal.
Therapeutic Management of Foetal Mummification in a Jersey Crossbred Cow
The reported incidence of bovine fetal mummification is between 0.13-1.8% (Kumar and Saxena, 2018). Higher incidences are seen in Jersey and Guernsey breeds with recurrence (30%) in the those having experience of similar event in their previous gestation (Lefebvre, 2015). Fetal mummification in cattle occurs around 70 days of gesta tion after the stages of placentation and fetal ossification (Kumar et al., 2018a). However, most commonly reported cases are between 3rd to 8th months of gestation (Kumar et al., 2019). Fetal mummies in cattle are covered with a vis cous brown colored sticky material and therefore, termed as hematic or chocolate mummification (Kumar and Saxena, 2018). Infectious (Leptospirosis, Bovine Viral Diarrhoea and Neospora caninum infections), non-infectious (uterine torsion, twisted or compressed umbilical cord, hormonal disturbances and chromosomal aberrations) as well as environmental conditions (drought and extreme weather) serve as etiological factors in cattle (Arunpandian et al., 2024). Absence of fetal signal for parturition induction causes pregnancy to remain undisturbed (Noakes et al., 2019). Resorption of amniotic and allantoic tissues post foetal death dehydrates the foetal tissues. The longer the foetus is retained in-utero, the dryer, firmer and leatherier it becomes.
Successful Management of Cervico-Vaginal Prolapse in Gaddi Ewe
A five-year-old pregnant Gaddi ewe weighing 42 kg, in her second pregnancy, was presented with signs of restless ness, straining, and a complete Cervico-vaginal prolapse that had persisted for two days. Upon physical examination, a smooth, crimson, spherical mass was observed protruding from the vaginal canal, with no history of prolapse during her previous lambing. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed the presence of two viable fetuses, necessitating immediate intervention. The treatment plan included administering caudal epidural analgesia with 2% lignocaine at a dosage of 4 mg/kg body weight, followed by cleaning and decontaminating the prolapsed mass with a mild potassium permanganate solution. The prolapsed mass was then carefully repositioned to alleviate bladder pressure and prevent further trauma. Finally, Buhner’s suture was applied to maintain the prolapse in place until term, with the sutures being loosened just before lambing.
A 14 months old, full term pregnant sow, weighing 148 Kgs was presented with the history of straining since previ ous night. Four fetuses were delivered prior to the presentation (one naturally and 3 with assistance), but no fetus was expelled for six hours of the delivery of the last fetus. Per vaginum delivery was not possible due to narrow and edema tous vaginal passage. Caesarian section was successfully performed from right paralumbar fossa in lateral recumbency and under general anesthesia added with local infiltration. The four fetuses removed (two from each horn) were dead. The sow recovered from general anesthesia and continued to live up to one year post surgery. However, during this one year, it did not conceive.
Dystocia due to Unilateral Uterine Torsion with Concurrent Uterine Rupture in a Rottweiler Bitch
A 3-year-old pregnant Rottweiler bitch was presented with a primary complaint of bloody genital discharge and loss of appetite past two days. History revealed bitch was presented 63 days post-mating, expected to whelp within the next 48 hours and treated with oxytocin. Physical examination revealed a partially dilated cervix with the notable palpation of the foetal head. A caesarean section was performed to resolve the case. The bitch was recovered uneventfully.
A Retrospective Study of Pyometra in Canines
The present study has been undertaken to investigate the prevalence of pyometra and document variation in breed and age of dogs vis-à-vis pyometra through a retrospective study. Data pertaining to all dogs presented for treatment of pyometra between 2016 and 2021 were gathered from electronic records maintained at University Veterinary Hospital. During the study period, a total of 4502 dog outpatient caseloads having reproductive problems were presented in the hospital, out of which 336 dogs suffered from pyometra, resulting in a prevalence of 7.5 percent. Within breed, the prevalence was higher in Saint Bernard (71.4%), Tibettan Mastiff (54.5%) and Dalmation (43.7%) and lower in Golden Retriver (5.0%) and German Shephard (3.4%). The age at presentation was lower in Tibettan Mastiff (1.5±0.5 years) and Pug (2.9±0.4 years) and higher in Dalmation (10.5±0.5 years) and Pomeranian (7.4±1.4 years) breeds of dogs. Neutrophilia (95.8%), anemia (87.7%), leukocytosis with left shift and increased levels of alkaline phosphatase (96.7%), blood urea nitrogen (75%) and creatinine (84.2%) appeared to be characteristic hematological and biochemical findings, respectively in pyometra. Maximum caseloads were presented during spring (32.7%), followed by autumn (20.5%), summer (16.9%), monsoon (16.7%) and winter (13.0%). The most common complication associated with pyometra included kidney malfunction (84.2%). Ovariohysterectomy is the treatment of choice in most caseloads (86.6%). The overall incidence of mortality due to pyometra was 12.2 percent. Vaginal swab bacteriological examination revealed the predominance of Escherichia coli (66.7%). These observations serve to highlight the importance of public awareness regarding pyometra in canines.
Effect of Season on Hampshire Crossbreed Boar Semen Quality and Antioxidant Status under Hot Humid Sub Tropical Climate
The present investigation aimed to study the season’s effecton semen quality,and antioxidant status of Hampshire cross bred boar in sub-tropical climatic condition. For the present experiment, same six Hampshire crossbreed boars were used in summer and winter season. Sperm quality parameters (SQPs) were assessed microscopically. Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) was used to assess sperm kinematics. Antioxidants biomarkers (glutathione peroxidase; GPx, catalase; CAT, total antioxidant capacity; TAC) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde; MDA) were measured in boar’s seminal plasma. Summer season had significant (p < 0.01) negative effect on reaction time and false mounts. Semen volume and sperm concentration was recorded to be significantly (p < 0.01) higher in winter season. Sperm total motil ity, progressive motility, viability, acrosomal integrity and HOST reactive sperm were recorded to be significantly (p < 0.01) higher in winter season. Season had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the sperm velocity attributes.Seminal plasma antioxidant biomarkers (TAC, MDA, CAT and GPx) were significantly (p < 0.01) affected by summer season. In con clusion, the Hampshire crossbreed boar’s semen quality and antioxidant biomarkers were negatively affected in summer season. There is need of intervention in terms of genetic, nutrition and management to optimize the boar fertility during summer months in sub-tropics.