Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology
The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology (IJVSBT)is published by the Society for Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology (SVSBT) Indore (M.P.) The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciencesand Biotechnology (IJVSBT) is an Open Access online and print journal that publishes Original Articles, Review Articles, Short Communications and Case Reports in all areas of Veterinary Science and its related subjects. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciencesand Biotechnology(IJVSBT) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that aims to publish high quality papers rapidly and makes them freely available to researchers worldwide. Indexed/Tracked/Covered By: NAAS - 5.58 , Base Indexing, CAS (Chemical Abstract Society (Americal Chemical Society)), CABI*, ISA*, EBSCO*, Journal Indexed in Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI) ,Open Archives, Cross Ref., Google scholar, PKP Index, Cite Factor, Indian Citation Index, Jgate,ROAD, WorldCat, ICI, ASI, Scopus-Applied For.
Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology
Management of Bee Sting Induced Anaphylaxis and Acute Kidney Injury in a Husky Dog
Apidae (bees), Vespidae (hornets, wasps, and yellow jackets), and Formicidae (fire ants) the three genera of Hymenoptera are most responsible for physical symptoms associated with allergic reactions seen in veterinary facilities (Casale and Burks, 2014). The venom in the sting can produce conditions ranging from minor local lesions to life threatening systemic reactions. It is worth mentioning here that the honeybees can only sting once in their lifetime as their barbed stinger snags in the victim’s skin, ripping the stinging mechanism from the bee’s body and killing the bee. The venom sac keeps contracting outside the body of the bee, and 100% of its venom is delivered over 60 seconds. Honeybee venom is a clear acidic substance consisting of several enzymes, proteins, and amines that can cause poisonous and adverse reactions in the bodies of those who are exposed to it. Melittin and phospholipase A2 are the primary components of bee venom, however several additional chemicals are also present. These compounds cause haemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, renal tubule degradation, and necrosis, ultimately leading to failure of the organs (Almeida et al., 2011). Melittin, in collaboration with phospholipase A2, breaks cell membranes in certain mammals, resulting in lysis of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, myocytes, and vascular endothelium. Hyaluronidase, often known as “spreading factor” in venom, is responsible for modifying the permeability of cell membranes and thus allowing other venom components to permeate into the tissues of the host. Melittin has the potential to adhere to and generate transitory holes on the surface of red blood cells, which can range from minor to severe depending on weather conditions, age, and the types of flowers used by bees for honey production. The deadly dose for humans and mammals is believed to be 500 stings per adult and 20 stings per kilogram, respectively (Vetter et al., 1999). Intravascular haemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, hepatopathy, cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP), and disseminative intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) are all side consequences of severe envenomation and anaphylaxis. This document reports successful management of bee sting induced anaphylaxis and acute kidney injury in a Husky dog.
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Dystocia due to Schistosomus Reflexus Foetal Monstrosity in a Jaffarabadi Buffalo: A Case Report
Among buffalo breeds, Jaffarabadi is the heaviest and most commonly suffers from dystocia for a variety of reasons, including uterine torsion, incomplete cervical dilatation, an oversized foetus, dropsical conditions of the foetus and foetal membranes, and congenital foetal monstrosities such as schistosomus reflexus. Several authors reported the prevalence of the schistosomus reflexus foetal monster in many species, i.e., cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, dog, and equine (Kumar et al., 2019a,b; Duarte et al., 2022; Deepak et al., 2023; Harika et al., 2023; Yadav et al., 2024). The presence of a deformed spine and exposed abdominal and thoracic viscera allows for the gross identification of schistosomus reflexus. Anomalies of the ovum, embryo, or foetus that result in skeletal developmental abnormalities are typically cited as the etiology for the emergence of foetal monstrosities, however, definite etiology is still ambiguous (Munif et al., 2023). The majority of affected foetuses are not viable. Congenital defects are seen as economically significant since they hinder spontaneous foetal delivery. Dystocia is inevitable in the cases of the foetal monstrosities amongst farm animals (Borakhatariya et al., 2017; Borakhatariya et al., 2020). In such instances, cases can be managed by Caesarean section when there is insufficient space in the birth canal to apply manual obstetrical mutations, or by partial or complete foetotomy for per-vaginum delivery. Such cases need to be treated promptly because if they are not, the dead foetus may develop emphysema, which could lead to toxaemia and the collapse of the dam. An unusual case of dystocia due to schistosomus reflexus foetal monster clinically managed with Caesarean section in a Jaffarabadi buffalo is described in this case report.
Volvulus of Gravid Uterine Horn in a Pregnant Cat: First Report in India
Torsion is the twisting of an organ around its own axis, while volvulus is the rotation of an organ around its mesenteric axis. Uterine torsion is defined as the twisting of a uterine horn or uterine body about the longitudinal axis (Roberts, 1971). Uterine torsion is an uncommon complication of pregnancy in the cat (Riyard et al., 2000). Uterine torsion is life threatening both for the pregnant cat and fetuses, and its aetiology is unclear (Tohumcu et al., 2021), but loosened uterine ligaments, uterine contractions, fetal movements, maternal physical activity during pregnancy are the possible predispositions for the torsion (Biller and Haibel, 1987). There are published reports on the uterine torsion, but a very few reports of uterine twisting at the base of the uterine horn and ovarian end causing volvulus of uterine horn are available in cats (Thilagar et al., 2005). This paper presents a first report of very rare volvulus of gravid uterine horn in a pregnant cat in India.
Prevalence of Different Types of Enteritis in Camels of Rajasthan
For the present study, a total 80 tissue specimens of intestinal tract were examined from carcasses of camel, irrespective of sex, age groups and breeds, from July 2017 to June 2018. Out of these, 32 samples representative of gross lesions were processed for subsequent histopathological examination. An overall incidence of enteritis in camel was recorded as 40 % (32/80). The occurrence of various types of enteritis, i.e., catarrhal enteritis, necrotic enteritis, necro-haemorrhagic enteritis, eosinophilic enteritis and haemorrhagic enteritis were 15.00, 6.25, 6.25, 5.00 and 7.50 %, respectively. Catarrhal enteritis was the most prevalent and eosinophilic enteritis least prevalent conditions affecting intestines of camels in Rajasthan during the study period.
Treatment Outcomes of Mandibular Fractures in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 24 Cases
Mandibular fractures present unique surgical challenges due to their anatomical complexity. This retrospective study of 24 dogs examines fracture patterns, management strategies, and outcomes. Road traffic accidents were the predominant etiology (n=13), followed by dog bites (n=7), falls (n=3), and horse kicks (n=1). Patients were presented with signs of oral bleeding, jaw mal-alignment, swelling, and reluctance to eat. A high incidence occurred in dogs under one year (n=12) and Indian Pariah breed (n=20), with males predominating (n=16). Bilateral fractures occurred in 13 cases, while 8 had multiple fractures. Fracture distribution was: canine-premolar region (n=10), symphyseal separation (n=6), third-fourth molar region (n=4), last molar-ramus (n=4), incisor-canine (n=3), first-second molar (n=3), with one concurrent maxillofacial fracture. Stabilization techniques employed were circumferential wiring, K-wires, plates (cuttable, SOP), and external fixation. Postoperative care included soft diet, antibiotics, analgesia, and antiseptic rinses.
Comparative Efficacy of Different Techniques of Oocyte Recovery from Slaughtered Goat Ovaries
The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy of the oocyte quality and recovery rate between three different retrieval methods from goat ovaries. Recovery of oocytes by three methods that is slicing, aspiration and dissection followed by grading into Grade I, Grade II and Grade III oocytes was carried out. On statistical analysis, the mean oocyte recovery rate per ovary and mean yield of Grade I and II oocyte was significantly (p<0.05) higher in slicing as compared to aspiration, and no significant difference (p>0.05) was seen with dissection method. However, there was no significant difference between aspiration and dissection methods. There was no significant difference in the mean yield of Grade III oocytes between slicing, aspiration and dissection methods. In conclusion, slicing was found to be the more effective method for oocyte recovery.
Comparison of Multilocus Sequence Typing and Spa Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine and Bubaline Mastitis
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the leading causative agent of mastitis in dairy cows, causing reduced milk quality and production. The present study describes the genotypes and clonal distributions of 35 S. aureus strains isolated from cases of mastitis from southern India by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The resultant S. aureus sequence types (STs) were compared with their Staphylococcus protein A (spa) types and correlated to methicillin resistance. A total of 27 methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and eight methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were identified. Twenty different STs with nine new alleles and nine new STs were obtained. The STs were grouped into four clonal complexes (CCs) CC1, CC5, CC8 and CC97. The predominant STs 2454 and 2459 belonged to CC8 and CC97, respectively. Eight STs were not clustered under any of the CCs. Comparison of genotypes of MLST with that of spa types revealed that some of the isolates with same ST yielded different spa types that were closely related to each other. On the contrary, some of the isolates with same spa types gave different STs in which one ST was the single locus variant of the other in all the cases. Overall, high diversity of S. aureus isolates was observed, excepting for the isolates from a particular geographical region (Bidar) in Karnataka.
Effect of Oxygen Tension on In Vitro Maturation of Buffalo Cumulus Oocyte Complexes
This study investigated the effect of oxygen (O2) tension during in vitro maturation (IVM) of buffalo cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs). Buffalo ovaries (n=337) were collected from a slaughterhouse of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad. A total of 801 COCs were retrieved using aspiration method using 18 G 1.5’ needle and 5 mL syringe. The COCs were graded into four groups based on cumulus layers. Two IVM conditions were compared: a benchtop incubator with 5% O2 and a conventional incubator with ambient O2 (20%). The COCs of the first three grades were randomly allocated to two groups and the effect on IVM was evaluated using chi square test. The 5% O2 group exhibited a higher maturation rate (89.00%, 365/410) compared to the 20% O2 group (73.66%, 288/391), though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.21). The findings suggest that lower O2 tension during IVM may enhance COCs maturation, potentially improving embryo development outcomes.
Role of Probiotic, Prebiotic and Synbiotic on Growth Performance and Biometric Development of Jaffarabadi Buffalo Calves
The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation on growth performance and biometric parameters in Jaffarabadi buffalo calves. A total of 24 neonatal calves were divided into four equal groups: Control (C), Probiotic (T1), Prebiotic (T2) and Synbiotic (T3), each consisting of six calves. The calves were fed a restricted suckling diet, supplemented with basal feed and each group received specific additives: T1 (probiotic), T2 (prebiotic) and T3 (synbiotic). The experiment was conducted for 175 days, from 8 to 182 days of age. Results showed that calves in the T1, T2 and T3 groups exhibited significantly higher growth rates compared to the control group (p<0.01). The overall body weight gain in the early and late post-natal phases was higher by 10.17%, 8.44% and 13.50% in the probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic groups, respectively. Synbiotic supplementation resulted in the highest average daily gain (402.71 g/d). Significant improvements were also observed in body length, height at withers and chest girth, with the T3 group demonstrating the highest increase in chest girth. The study concludes that probiotic, prebiotic and especially synbiotic supplementation positively influence growth performance and biometric development in Jaffarabadi buffalo calves, suggesting their potential utility for improving calf health and productivity under tropical conditions.
Mitigating Ammonia Emissions and Enhancing Litter Quality in Commercial Broiler Chickens using Chemically Treated Litter during the Winter Season
The experiment was conducted to mitigate ammonia emissions and enhance litter quality in commercial broiler chickens using chemically treated litter during the winter season (December-January, 2020-2021) in Anand, Gujarat. A total of 144 straight-run, day-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly distributed into six treatment groups. Each treatment group consisted of four replicates, each with six chicks, leading to 24 chicks per treatment. The six treatments used were: T1 - rice husk litter material (control group); T2 – husk treated with alum @ 90 g/sq.ft.; T3 - husk treated with boric acid (H3BO3) @ 24 g/sq.ft.; T4 - husk treated with sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4) @ 25 g/ sq.ft.; T5 - husk treated with a commercially available probiotic product @ 1 g/sq.ft.; T6 - husk treated with a commercially available Yucca schidigera liquid solution @ 1.0 mL/sq.ft. The litter treatment (T2 to T6) was applied on the 1st, 15th, and 29th days of the experiment. The study evaluated litter pH, moisture (%), nitrogen, and ammonia emissions (ppm) at the 6th week of age across different treatments in experiments. Results showed significantly lower pH, moisture, and ammonia emissions in T2, with the lowest ammonia levels observed in T2 (P<0.01). Litter nitrogen was significantly higher in T2 compared to other treatments (p<0.05). Based on the overall results of the experiment, it can be concluded that broiler birds reared on rice husk litter treated with alum (@ 90 g/sq.ft) exhibited reduced ammonia emissions and improved litter quality.
Pathological study of rabies in canine brain
A pathological study on canine brain tissue suspected with rabies was carried out on necropsy cases received at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College Chennai, during April to September, 2019. Twenty-seven dogs presented for necropsy were considered for the study. The clinical history, age, breed and sex wise distribution were recorded. Gross changes if any was observed and samples of brain tissues were collected for histopathological studies. Brain impression smears were stained with William’s modification of Van Gieson’s stain and observed for presence of Negri bodies. Out of 27 dogs examined eight cases showed presence of Negri bodies. No significant gross changes were observable except for congestion, oedema and hemorrhages. Histopathological studies revealed subdural hemorrhages, marked gliosis, perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, neutrophilic vacuolation and presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in neurons of cerebral grey matter.
Characterization and Toxicological Assessment of Iron and Zinc Nanoparticles in Male Wistar Rats
Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is often studied using rat models to better understand the condition and evaluate treatment options. In this study an in vivo rat model of IDA was developed by inducing dietary iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) by offering iron-deficient diet over a period of 8-weeks to male Wistar rats as evidenced by a significant reduction in haemoglobin levels to below 9 g/dL, thereby providing a robust framework. This study explored the formulation and characterization of iron and zinc nanoparticles (100 nm and 71 nm, respectively). Adult Wistar rats (n=24) were distributed into three equal groups for treatment trial of 56 days. One group kept as control (T1) received double distilled water, while treatment groups received ionic form (T2) of 0.1 M solution each of ferric chloride hexahydrate and zinc sulphate heptahydrate, and nanoparticle forms (T3) of iron (20 mg/d) and zinc (10 mg/d) doses. Acute toxicity in the nanoparticle-treated group T3 led to 100 % mortality within 24 h with severe histopathological alterations in vital organs like liver, kidneys, spleen, heart and testes, while in ionic form T2 group subacute toxicity occurred, which was assessed over 56 days with very mild cellular changes or structures almost towards normal control group. The findings emphasized the need for cautious evaluation of zinc and iron nanoparticles in therapeutic applications.
Effect of Oxidative Stress on Estrus Synchronization and Pregnancy Rate after In-Vitro Produced Embryo Transfer in HF Crossbred Cattle
The present research involved 60 normal cycling recipients, including 30 heifers and 30 cows, synchronized using a double PGF2α protocol. A total of 140 oocytes were collected from 11 elite donors, averaging 12.72 oocytes per ovum pick-up (OPU) session at the Government Bovine Breeding Farm in Tathwade. Total 46 blastocyst-stage developed embryos were transferred to various farms in Western Maharashtra. Estrus response and ovarian corpora lutea (CL) development was higher in synchronized heifers (86.66%) than in cows (83.33%). Pregnant heifers had larger CL diameters and luteal areas than non-pregnant ones, while CL diameters in cows were similar regardless of pregnancy status. Total 24 (80.00%) heifers and 22 (73.33%) cows were suitable for embryo transfer. Overall, 76.66% of recipients received in-vitro-produced embryos, with conception rates of 50.00% in heifers and 31.82% in cows, resulting in an overall rate of 41.30%. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were higher in non-pregnant recipients compared to pregnant ones, suggesting that elevated MDA levels may be a useful selection criterion in embryo transfer technology.
Comparative Osteological Biometrics and Morphology of Skull of the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) and Leopard (Panthera pardus)
The study was aimed to analyze the morphological, osteometric and clinically significant landmarks in the skulls of snow leopards and leopards. Skulls were processed through cold water maceration for clean bones, and differentiation was based on morphology and biometrics. Parameters such as length, width, curved length, curved width and cephalic index were measured using scales, Vernier calipers and thread. Results showed that the nasal cavity of the snow leopard was larger than that of the leopard. The angular process in snow leopards was 0.2 cm longer. Leopards had a groove between the orbital rims, while their tympanic bullae were rounder and more distended compared to the snow leopard. The snow leopard’s para-mastoid process formed a hook-like structure (0.5 cm long), and its supraorbital process was more pointed. This research provides species-specific characteristics useful for taxonomic classification, academic purposes, wildlife forensics and assisting wildlife veterinarians in handling clinical cases.
Effect of Silage Additives on Rumen Fermentation Pattern and Economics of Wheat Straw and Pasture Hay-based Green Maize Silage
The investigation was conducted to study the effect of Lactobacillus bacterial inoculants (Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum) and xylanase in maize silage along with different dry fodders like wheat straw and seasonal pasture hay and to evaluate rumen fermentation pattern, and the cost effectiveness of additives. Different silages were prepared using green maize fodder and wheat straw (WS) and pasture hay (PH) separately in the proportion of 10:0 & 7:3 ratio in plastic jar of 3 kg capacity by adding common salt @ 0.5%, urea @ 1% and molasses @ 1.5% in each silage with 9 different treatments, viz., Control (green maize alone), WS, X, LF, LPLF, PH, XPH, LFPH and LPLFPH. Xylanase, LP and LF were used @ 1500 IU/g, 1 x 106 cfu/g and 2 x 106 cfu/g, respectively. All silages were evaluated in terms of their in vitro rumen fermentation parameters on 45 days of ensiling. Xylanase inoculated maize + wheat straw and maize + pasture hay silage significantly improved TVFA, total gas production, IVDMD, IVOMD and PF. LPLF added maize + WS silage significantly increased in vitro rumen ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen content. Thus, it is concluded that Xylanase can be used as cost effective additive in silage production for maximum nutrient utilisation and overall economic benefits.
Effect of Feeding Different Dietary Levels of Rice Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles (RDDGS) on Growth Performance of Commercial Broiler Chicken
A by-product of ethanol manufacturing, Rice Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (RDDGS), is utilized as an alternate protein source in poultry diets. The current investigation was carried out over a duration of six weeks to examine the effect of feeding different dietary levels of RDDGS on growth performance of commercial broiler chicken. A total of 144 straight-run day-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly distributed to six treatments. Each treatment group consisted of four replicates and in each replicate, six chicks were there, leading to 24 chicks per treatment. The experimental diets consisted of Control basal diet (T1), and the diets T2 to T6 with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% RDDGS, respectively. The body weight of birds fed basal diet (T1) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all the treatment groups, followed by basal diet with 5% RDDGS (T2). Body weights in treatments T3, T4, and T5 were significantly (p<0.05) lower, while basal diet with 25% RDDGS (T6) had the lowest body weight. Basal diet (T1) showed significantly (p<0.05) higher BWG than all other treatment groups. Birds fed basal diet with 5% RDDGS (T2) had significantly (p<0.05) higher BWG than those fed with T3, T4, T5 and T6 diet, but was significantly (p<0.05) lower than T1 diet. There were no significant differences in mean feed consumption between birds fed the T3, T4, T5 and T6 diets. However, the highest feed consumption was observed in T1 followed by T2, T5, T4, T3 and T6 diets. Overall FCR was significantly (p<0.05) better in T2 and T3 treatment groups as compared to control diet. The highest return over feed cost was obtained in the T2 diet as compared to other dietary groups. Beneficial effects on performance were noted at the lower level of 5% RDDGS in the diet. Hence, it can be concluded that RDDGS can be incorporated in broiler ration at the levels of 5%.
Effect of Heat Stress on Thermoregulatory Response of Murrah and Nili Ravi Buffaloes in the Subtropical Region of India
Present study was conducted on the effects of thermal stress on adult Murrah and Nili- Ravi buffaloes (n=96). Using the temperature humidity index (THI), the thermal stress was calculated. THI was significantly (P<0.01) different for respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT). Parity was found to be non-significant. The overall mean values for morning respiration rate (MRR), noon respiration rate (NRR), morning rectal temperature (MRT), and noon rectal temperature (NRT) were 18.86 ± 0.51 breaths/min, 23.55 ± 0.61 breaths/ min, 100.29 ± 0.13 °F, and 100.50 ± 0.17 °F, respectively. Both season (P < 0.01) and breed (P < 0.05) had a significant effect on MRT. In contrast, only season had a significant effect on NRT. Significant effect of both breed and season (P < 0.01) was observed on morning respiration rate (MRR), whereas at noon, only season had a significant effect on noon respiration rate (NRR) (P < 0.01). Least squares means showed higher MRR (19.37 ± 0.51 breaths/min) and MRT (100.38 ± 0.13 °F) in Nili-Ravi buffaloes compared to Murrah buffaloes (MRR: 18.36 ± 0.52; MRT: 100.21 ± 0.13 °F). Murrah buffalo was found to be better thermotolerant than Nili Ravi buffaloes. Further validation in large population is required.
Temperature Humidity Index, Heat stress, Buffalo, Respiration rate, Murrah.
Prevalence, Haemato-Biochemical Changes and Pathology of Colibacillosis in Slaughtered Goats
The study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors and pathological changes in intestine of slaughtered goats affected with colibacillosis in Rewa districts of Madhya Pradesh. In this study, out of a total of 305 goats examined from different slaughter houses of Rewa district 108 goats showing intestinal lesions were included for further study. Of the 108 intestinal contents collected, 33 (30.55%) cases were found positive for the E. coli infection. The age-wise prevalence of colibacillosis was higher in 6-12 month of age (33.87%) and decreased with advancement of age. Sex wise higher prevalence was found in female goats (36%) than males (28.91%). Goats with colibacillosis had significantly lower level of haemoglobin and lymphocyte count, and significantly higher levels of PCV, TLC, TEC, neutrophils and eosinophils. Biochemical analysis showed significantly lower level of sodium and higher level of potassium and alkaline phosphatase in colibacillosis affected goats. Thirty three slaughtered goats that were positive for colibacillosis based on microscopic examination included, catarrhal enteritis (9), haemorrhagic enteritis (6), necrotizing enteritis (8), necro-haemorragic enteritis (6), and fibrinous enteritis (4).
Capture Myopathy in Wildlife: Pathophysiology, Clinical Management and Therapeutic Interventions – A Review
Capture myopathy constitutes a severe pathological condition manifesting in wild fauna following pursuit, entrapment, physical restraint, live stranding events, or transportation procedures. This multi-systemic disorder exhibits significant morbidity and mortality rates across affected species. While all wild vertebrates demonstrate susceptibility, certain taxonomic groups exhibit sensitive predisposition to this condition. Diagnostic protocols rely predominantly on behavioral assessment, comprehensive case history analysis, and clinical symptoms; however, definitive diagnosis frequently requires post-mortem examination. Therapeutic interventions primarily encompass fluid resuscitation, analgesic management, and rehabilitative physiotherapy protocols.
Bilateral Ocular Affection Associated with Trypanosoma evansi Infection in German Shepherd Dog: A Case Report
Trypanosomosis, an arthropod-borne infectious disease caused by a flagellate protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma evansi, poses significant economic challenges, particularly in the tropical regions such as India (Jaiswal et al., 2015). The disease affects bovines, canines, felines, and camelids. It is primarily transmitted mechanically by the biting haematophagous flies, with outbreaks becoming more frequent during the rainy season due to increased vector population (Jaiswal et al., 2015). Initially restricted to wild animals, over the time, disease has spread to the domestic animals (Sudan et al., 2017). Clinically, trypanosomosis presents with symptoms such as anorexia, emaciation, intermittent fever, progressive anaemia, conjunctivitis, limb edema, and superficial lymphadenopathy (Pandey et al., 2015). Neurological manifestations, like delirium, head pressing, ataxia, rear limb paralysis, and tonic-clonic seizures, have also been reported (Jaiswal et al., 2015; Sudan et al., 2017). Ocular involvement in canine trypanosomosis is rare, with limited literature available on the subject (Behera et al., 2017; Abbas et al., 2021). During disease development the parasites travel down from brain through optic nerve and causes deposition of immune complex in aquas humour which clinically results into development of corneal edema and opacity (Reddy and Sivajothi, 2017). This case report presents a clinical case of T. evansi induced ocular manifestations in a German Shepherd dog and its therapeutic management with diminazene aceturate in conjunction with supportive therapy.
Ancylostoma Induced Acute Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis in a Male Adult Kanni Dog: An Uncommon Incidence
Ancylostoma caninum is the major cause of canine hookworm disease in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world and anaemia is the main pathological effect caused by blood sucking activity of the worms (Umeakuana et al., 2020). The disease is more often seen in young puppies or dogs under one year of age, by transmammary route of infection and adult dogs are mostly asymptomatic owing to their acquired immunity. Nevertheless, the dog may show iron deficiency and develop a microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Severe anaemia is commonly encountered in puppies and could be successfully treated by appropriate therapy, which includes blood transfusion (Jasmin et al. 2020). Hence, severe anaemia requires fecal examination and presence of many eggs in feces is suggestive of acute ancylostomosis, though clinical signs could be observed during the prepatent phase itself (Lefkaditis, 2001). This document reports an unusual case of ancylostoma induced acute haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and its management in an adult male Kanni dog.
Surgical Management of Dystocia due to Fetal Monster in Dumba Sheep
Dystocia refers to a difficult birth characterized by prolonged, unassisted labour or a delivery that requires intervention (Zaborski et al., 2009). In small ruminants, dystocia occurs less frequently than in large ruminants, with an incidence of less than 5% (Brounts et al., 2004; Bhattacharyya et al., 2015). The most common cause of dystocia in a primiparous ewe carrying a single male lamb is feto-maternal disproportion (Jackson, 2004). The relative frequency of the various fetal causes and various types of malpresentation has also been shown to vary between breeds (Dwyer and Bunger, 2012). It typically arises when the first or second stage of parturition is delayed. Most common causes of dystocia are classified in two categories, viz., maternal and fetal origin. Fetal dystocia occurs mainly due to faulty disposition (presentation, position, and posture), congenital monsters, and foetal pathological condition like ascites and emphysema. Maternal causes of dystocia mainly include uterine inertia, weak abdominal straining, incomplete dilation or constriction of birth canal and inadequate pelvis (David et al., 2019). Many authors reported that Caesarean section can be considered an effective way for treatment of dystocia in sheep, especially when performed early after the onset of the signs of parturition (Khan et al., 2018; Bruce et al., 2021). The present case describes the successful surgical management of dystocia due to foetal monster in a Dumba sheep.
Management of Dystocia in Dromedary Camel through Fetotomy
Dystocia, or difficult birth, is a significant reproductive concern in animals, often leading to severe complications for both the dam and the fetus. Although camels are known for their relatively low incidence of dystocia compared to other livestock; dystocia in camels, particularly dromedaries, has been sporadically reported, and are attributed to both fetal and maternal causes (Gera and Datt, 1981; Purohit et al., 2000). Dystocia in camelids is uncommon, but the long neck and fetal limbs make them more prone to flexion deformities, which are frequent causes of dystocia (Purohit, 2012). Tibary et al. (2008) projected that around 5% of all camelid deliveries will necessitate some form of assistance, with nearly 2% requiring specialized obstetrical intervention. Similarly, Aboul-Fadle et al. (1990) reported a 9% incidence of dystocia in camels. Dystocia should be suspected in camels if the first stage of labour extends beyond 6 h, accompanied by rising pain or discomfort, or if the second stage fails to progress as expected (Noakes et al., 2019). Fetal causes, such as limb flexion and lateral deviation of the head and neck in anterior presentation, accounted for 54.54% and 36.36% of all fetal-related dystocia cases, respectively (Purohit et al., 2011). Epidural anaesthesia, typically with 5-10 mL of 2% lignocaine, is recommended for pain management. If the cervix is only partially dilated, a Cesarean section should be considered as an alternative (Thangamani et al., 2018). Additionally, sufficient space in the birth canal is necessary for the fetotomy, and proper restraint of the animal is essential for a safe and effective procedure (Schultz et al., 2008). This report documents the successful management of dystocia in a dromedary camel through fetotomy.
Treatment of Septicaemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease in an Indian Flap Shell Turtle: A Case Report
Slowly but surely, turtles have become the pet of choice for many, rising to popularity in recent years. Septicaemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease (SCUD) or Shell rot is a critical issue in aquatic turtles and some reptiles caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. This may occur due to lack of knowledge of housing, i.e., keeping the turtles in dirty water or providing mouldy bedding and some environmental factors like high humidity and low temperatures are responsible for the occurrence of this disease (Lingayat et al., 2022). If proper measures for the control of shell rot are not taken, it can cause rot through the bone and into the body cavity (Khan et al., 2019). The Gram-negative bacteria that are normally present in the environment are the most common cause of bacterial infection (Kasim et al., 2017). Affected turtles show clinical signs such as presence of white spots on shell and hyperaemia in early stages of the disease, later cutaneous ulceration and fibrin deposit on the shell can be seen (Fowler and Miller, 2008; Jadhav et al., 2020). This documentation describes the successful treatment of septicaemic cutaneous ulcerative disease in an Indian flap shell turtle.
Successful Management of Extra Genital Transmissible Venereal Tumor in a Dog
The canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT), also referred to as infectious sarcoma, venereal granuloma, transmissible lymphosarcoma, or sticker tumor, is a contagious neoplasm of unknown origin. It is sexually transmitted and naturally occurs only in dogs, primarily targeting the external genitalia of both male and female animals (Mukaratirwa and Gruys, 2003). Based on the location of the mass, the tumor is categorized into two types: genital TVT and extragenital TVT. The tumor commonly appears as ulcerated masses on the penis, prepuce, or vulva, which tend to bleed easily. Additionally, it may occur in other locations, such as the nasal cavity, oral cavity, eyes, and subcutaneous areas of the skin. Transmission among dogs and other canids can occur through coitus, licking, biting, or sniffing the affected areas (Das and Das, 2000; Rugmini et al., 2025). The neoplasia has a global distribution but is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions (Ferreira et al., 2000), particularly in countries with significant populations of stray dogs (Papazoglou et al., 2001). Asodiya et al. (2024), analysed 562 canine neoplasms recorded over 2017 to 2021 at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Anand (Gujarat, India), and recorded CTVT in 68 (12.09%) cases.
Testicular Biometric Parameters and their Association with Body Weight in Stray Dog (Canis familiaris) of Junagadh, Gujarat
The present investigation was undertaken to examine testicular biometry parameters and their association with body weight in stray dogs. The study was conducted on testes of 18 adult, apparently healthy dogs captured and operated for sterilization at the Veterinary Hospital of Junagadh Municipal Corporation, Ivanagar, Junagadh. The testicular weight, volume, length, width, thickness and circumference were measured and examined. The testicular parameters did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between left and right testis. A high and positive association, r-values being 0.432 to 0.989, was estimated among testicular parameters, viz., length, width, thickness, weight and volume of testis. However, the association of body weight with these testicular biometry parameters was non-significant (p>0.05), the values being negative, low to medium in magnitude, ranging from -0.096 to -0.386.
Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Camels in Bikaner and nearby Villages in Thar Desert of Rajasthan
Brucellosis is a hideous illness of camels in India. It is caused by Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus. The main symptoms of this disease in camels are hygroma and orchitis. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis was studied by RBPT and ELISA. A total of 177 blood samples were collected from camels, aged from 0.2 to 20 years (108 males and 69 females), from Thar Desert of Rajasthan (India). Overall prevalence rate of 8.47% (11/177) and 2.25% (4/177) was observed by RBPT and ELISA, respectively. Variable prevalence was observed age-wise as well as sex-wise. The highest prevalence was observed in the camel more than 12 years of age and the lowest in camels aged 8-12 years. ELISA results indicated prevalence of 3.22% (2/62) in the 5-8 years age group and 1.85 (1/54) in camels aged 8-12 years and over 12 years. This investigation highlights the presence of Brucellosis among camels in Bikaner and surrounding areas of Rajasthan, underlining its zoonotic potential and the associated public health risk for individuals exposed to infected animals, raw milk, or meat.
Epidemiology of Schistosoma and Gastrointestinal Parasites in Goats: A Slaughterhouse-Based Study from Malwa Region, Madhya Pradesh, India
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections, including those caused by Schistosoma species, represent a major constraint to goat health and productivity. This research aimed to elucidate the prevalence and epidemiological dynamics of Schistosoma and other GI parasites in goats slaughtered in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 312 fecal and mesenteric tissue samples were systematically collected from goats at the Mhow Cantonment Slaughterhouse during the summer and monsoon seasons of 2024. Diagnostic assessments were performed using flotation, sedimentation, and McMaster techniques, supplemented by morphological identification of Schistosoma worms and eggs. The findings revealed a significantly higher prevalence of GI parasites during the monsoon season (p<0.05), with Eimeria spp. (63.14%) and strongyles (59.29%) predominating. Schistosoma indicum was detected in 1.60% of the sampled goats. Males demonstrated a markedly higher prevalence of parasitism (70.08%) compared to females (53.84%, p<0.05), while adults (66.66%) exhibited a higher infection rate than kids (37.5%, p<0.01). Breed-specific differences were also observed, with Jamunapari goats exhibiting the highest prevalence (71.60%), followed by Sirohi, Barbari, and Beetal breeds. The highest parasite intensities were recorded for Eimeria spp. (2377 ± 226 EPG) and strongyles (2329 ± 230 EPG), with comparatively lower counts for Trichuris, Fasciola, and Schistosoma spp. The study highlights the significant burden of GI parasitism in goats and underscores the need for targeted and season-specific control strategies to enhance animal health and productivity in the Malwa region.
Assessment of the Repellent Efficacy of Allomones against the Larval Stages of Brown Dog Tick
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a major threat to livestock and companion animals. Hematophagous ticks transmit a variety of pathogens along with the direct effects such as tick worry and skin damages. Acaricides has been the mainstay in fighting off ticks until the emergence of resistance which forced researchers to look out for alternate tick control strategies. Allomones (non-host semiochemicals-NHC’s) are semiochemicals which benefit the host and deter the pests. The NHC’s in certain breeds of dogs have been elucidated and their function has been decoded. The current study was attempted in formulating a sustained release of these allomones using vapour patches and assessing their efficacy by in-vitro assay. It was found that allomones tested had a strong repellent effect on Rhipicephalus sanguineus comparable to that of the commercial repellent DEET.
Effect of Incorporation of De-Oiled Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles in the Concentrate Mixture on Growth Performance of Murrah Buffalo Calves
This experiment was aimed to assess the impact of inclusion of de-oiled DDGS (dDDGS) as source of protein to replace cotton seed cake protein (CSC) in the concentrate mixture on growth, nutrient digestibility and cost economics. In a 90 days growth trial, 18 buffalo calves in the age range of 6-9 months old and 79-84 kg BW were randomly divided into three groups and allotted to one of the dietary treatments. In the experimental feeds CSC (on CP basis) was substituted with de-oiled DDGS at 0% (T1), 50% (T2) and 100% (T3) levels. The findings suggested that BW, ADG and FCR had significantly (p<0.01) increased in the T3 group compared to control group. Digestibilities of DM, CP, CF (p<0.01), OM and cellulose (p<0.05) were significantly increased in T3 group. The cost of feed/kg BW gain decreased by Rs. 35 in T3 and Rs. 15 in T2 group when compared to control group. DCP and TDN contents expressed either as intake (kg/d) or as % in diet consumed increased significantly (p<0.01). The DCP intake expressed as g/kg W0.75 was significantly (p<0.01) improved in T3 group. The DM, DCP and TDN intakes expressed as g/kg W0.75 and ME intake (M cal/kg W0.75) were similar among the treatments. It is concluded that de-oiled DDGS is an alternative to CSC for reduction of cost/kg live weight gain.