Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology
The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology (IJVSBT)is published by the Society for Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology (SVSBT) Indore (M.P.) The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciencesand Biotechnology (IJVSBT) is an Open Access online and print journal that publishes Original Articles, Review Articles, Short Communications and Case Reports in all areas of Veterinary Science and its related subjects. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciencesand Biotechnology(IJVSBT) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that aims to publish high quality papers rapidly and makes them freely available to researchers worldwide. Indexed/Tracked/Covered By: NAAS - 5.58 , Base Indexing, CAS (Chemical Abstract Society (Americal Chemical Society)), CABI*, ISA*, EBSCO*, Journal Indexed in Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI) ,Open Archives, Cross Ref., Google scholar, PKP Index, Cite Factor, Indian Citation Index, Jgate,ROAD, WorldCat, ICI, ASI, Scopus-Applied For.
Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology
Molecular detection of Infectious canine hepatitis in a dog
A 7 year old male Labrador breed of dog was presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex, SOA, (DU) with a history of inappetance, vomition, black stools and tick manifestation with no history of vaccination. Clinical examination revealed yellowish mucous membrane with dark yellow urination. Based on the clinical report there was higher level of liver enzyme ie. ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) 125 μ/L, ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) 435 μ/L. During treatment the animal collapsed and died and the carcass was brought to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, IVS&AH for postmortem examination. On necropsy, external examination revealed icteric mucous membrane. Liver was enlarged, hemorrhagic with mottled appearance. Gall bladder was thickened and distended. There was shrinkage on both sides of the kidney and the surface was rough. Histopathological examination of the liver revealed hepatocellular necrosis with presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies. Molecular detection was carried out by PCR using gene based primers and revealed the product size of 508 bp. The findings from molecular detection confirmed that the dog was suffering from infectious canine hepatitis.
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Anaemia in Bovines: Haematobiochemical Alterations with Diagnostic and Clinical Significance
Anaemia in bovines is a multifactorial disorder influenced by nutritional deficiencies, parasitism, infectious agents, and metabolic imbalances. The present study was conducted to evaluate haematological and biochemical alterations associated with anaemia in bovines. Blood samples were collected from clinically suspected animals and compared with healthy controls. Haematological evaluation revealed significant reductions in haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and erythrocytic indices in anaemic animals, confirming impaired erythropoiesis. Biochemical analysis demonstrated alterations in protein, iron, and related metabolic parameters, reflecting the underlying nutritional and pathological disturbances. These findings emphasize the complex etiology of anaemia in bovines and underline the importance of integrated diagnostic approaches for timely detection and effective management. The outcomes of this study contribute to a better understanding of bovine anaemia and provide a baseline for field diagnosis and preventive strategies.
Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia: Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment in a Five-Month-Old Pup
The diaphragm serves as a muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities that extends across the base of the thorax. The diaphragm plays a vital role during inspiration as its contraction causes the lungs to expand and fill with air. A diaphragmatic hernia (DH) is a condition in which rupture of the diaphragm allows abdominal organs to migrate into the pleural cavity. In companion animals, blunt trauma to the abdomen due to motor vehicle accidents is the common cause of traumatic DH (Hoddinott, 2013). Several other theories include an abrupt upsurge in the intraabdominal pressure following a powerful blow and failure of the glottis to remain closed, allowing the stabilizing effect of the air-filled lungs to be lost acutely (Hoddinott, 2013) or establishment of an acute and severe pressure gradient between the pleural and peritoneal cavities (Boudrieau, 1993) results in DH. The actual rupture or tear(s) occurs in the diaphragm which is least protected by the viscera at the time of injury.
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Trypanosoma evansi in an American Bully with Corneal Opacity
Trypanosomosis is a haemoprotozoan infection, caused by different members of Trypanosoma species. It is widely dispersed form of animal trypanosomosis that is harmful, affecting various domestic and wild animal species (Eloy and Lucheis, 2009). Most of the time, the parasite is mechanically transmitted by biting flies like Tabanus, Stomoxes, Tsetse and Culicoides (Green, 2006). Canine trypanosomosis varies in severity from acute to subacute and chronic form. Dogs are frequently affected by an acute and severe form, which may result in death within two to four weeks (Soulsby, 1982). The clinical manifestations of canine trypanosomosis include weight loss, growing weakness, anorexia, anaemia, intermittent fever, conjunctivitis, swelling of the head, throat and limbs, staggering gait, enlarged superficial lymph nodes, difficulty in swallowing and corneal opacity due to strong reactions from the immune system (Kumar et al., 2020). One of the main symptoms of this condition is anaemia, which is caused by the mononuclear phagocytic system expelling red blood cells from the bloodstream. After an infection lasting several months, anaemia may recover to varying degrees when the parasitaemia becomes low and sporadic (Urquhart et al., 2002). The World Animal Health Organization currently classifies T. evansi as a multi-species illness and a zoonotic disease, following the clinical case reports of human trypanosomosis in Egypt and India (Aregawi et al., 2019). A single dose of diminazene aceturate is sufficient to eradicate a trypanosomosis infection in dog (Agrawal et al., 2020); however there are several more efficient trypanosomacidal medicines for dogs, such as suramin and quinapyramine (Rani and Suresh, 2007). Giving diminazene diaceturate to dogs at a dose rate higher than 3.5 mg/kg body weight is deemed lethal (Han et al., 2014). In India, the occurrence of canine trypanosomosis is sporadic in nature (Behera et al., 2017). However, no report on canine trypanosomosis with ophthalmic involvement has been reported in western India in particular Gujarat. Therefore, the present case report documents on the clinical presentations, diagnosis, haemato-biochemistry and therapeutic management of trypanosomosis in an American bully dog from Gujarat.
Epidemiological Study of Canine Parvoviral Enteritis in Jaipur, Rajasthan
Canine Parvo Virus (CPV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young dogs globally. The epidemiological study was conducted in Jaipur, Rajasthan (India) to assess the occurrence of CPVE and its association with climatic and host-related risk factors over a six month period (July to December 2024). A total of 200 faecal samples from clinically suspected dogs were tested using PCR, revealing an overall CPV positive rate of 83% (166/200). Month-wise analysis demonstrated a significant decline in positivity rate from July (96.7%) to December (10.0%), correlating with climatic temperature. Statistical analysis confirmed significant associations (p<0.05) between CPV infection and factors like age, sex, vaccination status and breed. Puppies aged under one year and unvaccinated dogs were most susceptible. The study underscores the seasonal nature of CPVE in Jaipur and highlights the importance of early vaccination, public awareness and climate informed disease surveillance to mitigate the impact of this highly contagious disease.
Epidemiological Study on Canine Babesiosis in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
The present study was conducted on dogs suspected for babesiosis (n=100), in Jaipur (Rajasthan, India) presented with the history of inappetence to anorexia, pyrexia, tick infestation, lethargy and signs of anaemia. Out of 100 dogs, 24 (24%) were found positive for Babesia spp., which were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The highest incidence of canine babesiosis was seen in the age group of 1-5 years (29.16%), sex-wise in male dogs (25.92%) and breed-wise in Labrador Retrievers (34.78%). Clinical observations in 24 babesiosis positive dogs revealed anorexia in 23 dogs, fever/pyrexia and tick infestation in 21 dogs, depression and lethargy in 19 dogs, lymphadenopathy in 15 dogs and pale mucous membrane in 9 dogs.
Enhancing Pregnancy Outcomes in Cattle: Effect of Hyaluronan-Enriched Embryo Transfer Medium on In Vitro Produced Embryos
Suboptimal pregnancy rates following the transfer of in vitro produced (IVP) bovine embryos remain a significant constraint in livestock genetic improvement programs. This study evaluated whether supplementing embryo transfer media with hyaluronan (HA), a key biomolecule in implantation, could improve pregnancy outcomes. Bovine IVP embryos were allocated to four treatment groups for transfer: two commercial media (ET-HEPES; IMV holding) and two in-house prepared media (with 0.5% HA; without HA). Key outcomes measured were in vitro hatching rate after a 24 h of incubation simulating transport, early embryonic death (EED) rate, and pregnancy rate at day 60 post-transfer in 120 recipient cattle (n=30 per group). The in-house medium with 0.5% HA yielded the highest pregnancy rate (20.0%), which was numerically superior to ET-HEPES (16.67%), IMV holding media (13.33%), and the non-supplemented in-house medium (3.33%). Furthermore, the non-supplemented medium resulted in a markedly higher EED rate (83.33%) compared to the HA-supplemented (33.33%) and commercial media groups. It is concluded that supplementing in-house embryo transfer media with 0.5% hyaluronan enhances pregnancy outcomes and represents a cost-effective and biologically superior alternative to standard commercial media for bovine embryo transfer programs.
Canine Leptospirosis: Clinical and Ultrasonographic Assessment in South Gujarat
Leptospirosis is a severe spirochetes infection in dogs that can cause significant damage to vital organs, particularly the liver and kidneys and may lead to life-threatening complications. This study was aimed to assess occurrence of leptospirosis in dogs along with associated haemato-biochemical and ultrasonographic changes. Over a period of two years, 195 cases (3.50%) were suspected out of total 5566 dogs registered for medical treatment. Among confirmed 30 cases (15.38%), majority of affected dogs (60%) were between 1-6 years old and males (70%). On ultrasonographic evaluation of confirmed cases of canine leptospirosis, more than 80% cases exhibited kidney to aorta ratio greater than 9. Pyelectasia (80%), medullary rim sign in the kidney (70%) and hypoechoic liver parenchyma (60%) were also observed during ultrasonography. Haematological analysis revealed elevated mean total leukocyte counts (26790 cells/µL) along with neutrophilia (80.4±10.04%) and mild anaemia (11.33±3.19 g/dL). Serum biochemical analysis showed elevated mean serum AST (71.28±47.37 IU/L) and ALT (86.28 ±53.26 IU/L) along with hypoalbuminaemia (<2.5 g/dL) suggesting impaired liver function. Elevated serum creatinine and BUN levels were found in 23.33% and 43.33% dogs, respectively, indicating renal involvement. Findings indicated the multisystem impact of canine leptospirosis which underscores the importance of its early detection based on USG and haemato biochemical findings.
Cytological, Histopathological and Haematological Evaluation of Canine Mammary Tumours: A Comparative Study with Human Breast Cancer
Canine tumours, particularly mammary gland tumours, are among the most common neoplastic conditions in dogs, paralleling the frequency and complexity of human breast cancer. This study was designed to evaluate canine tumours through cytological, histopathological, and haematological techniques, while also drawing a comparative analysis with human breast cancer. Tumour samples were collected from 30 clinical canine cases and evaluated using Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and histopathology to classify the types of tumours and identify malignancies. Additionally, haematological parameters such as total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count were analyzed to assess systemic changes in the affected dogs. In parallel, 30 human breast cancer tissue samples, classified according to the WHO guidelines, were studied to highlight similarities and differences between canine and human mammary tumours. The results revealed key cytological and histopathological features that align with human breast cancer types, particularly in invasive forms. Haematological findings in dogs indicated significant alterations, mirroring some patterns observed in human cancer patients. This comparative approach provides insights into the biological behaviour of canine tumours and their relevance as a model for human cancer studies, potentially aiding in the development of more effective diagnostic and treatment strategies for both species. These findings underscore the importance of cross-species oncology research and suggest that further comparative studies could enhance our understanding of tumour pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches in both veterinary and human medicine.
Carry-Over Rate of Aflatoxin B1 from Feed to Milk and its Impact on Haemato-Biochemical Parameters in Nili-Ravi Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
The present study was undertaken to establish the transmission/carry-over rate of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from contaminated feed to AFM1 in milk of Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Twenty lactating buffaloes of almost similar weight (450-550 kg), lactation number (3-6) in early lactation (1-4 months) were divided into 5 treatments (T1 to T5), each having four replicates.The AFB1 concentration in feed of T1 to T5 was 0, 28, 56, 84 and 113 ppb, respectively. The average milk yield (kg/d) in treatments T1 to T5 during the collection period of experiment was 9.31±0.04, 9.24±0.04, 9.35±0.06, 9.42±0.07 and 9.42±0.05; and the total AFM1 excretion (µg/animal/5d) was 0.00±0.00, 19.20±0.04, 29.85±0.23, 39.00±0.14 and 47.74±0.14, respectively. The results revealed that the total AFM1 excretion increased with increasing concentration of AFB1 in feed. The average AFM1 concentration in T1 to T5 was 0.00±0.00, 0.41±0.01, 0.63±0.01, 0.83±0.01 and 1.01±0.01 ppb, respectively. The carry-over (%) of aflatoxin, i.e., transmission from feed to milk was 0.00, 0.76, 0.59, 0.51 and 0.48 in groups T1 to T5, respectively. The biochemical and haematological values in various treatment groups revealed that erythrocytes, PCV, haemoglobin and total protein content decreased (p<0.05); andGOT, GPT, GGT and ALP values increased (p<0.05) with increasing level of aflatoxin contamination in feed.The overall carry-over rate of aflatoxin in Nili-Ravi buffaloes was 0.59%, which might impose a health risk to the consumer. It was concluded that the daily intake of AFB1 in Nili-Ravi buffalo should not exceed 500 µg or 28 ppb in the total dry matter intake to keep the AFM1 content below permissible level.
Detection and Isolation of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Virus from Clinically Suspected Bovines in Telangana State
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheatis (IBR) is a viral disease that causes huge losses to dairy economy by causing abortions and other pathogenic effects resulting in drop of production. IBRV circulates as 2 major subtypes; BoHV-1.1 and BoHV-1.2 associated with respiratory symptoms and genital infections, respectively, in bovines. The present study was taken up to detect and isolate BoHV-1 from field cases using conventional PCR, Real-time PCR, followed by isolation in cell cultures. Total of 125 samples comprising of 31 nasal swabs, 14 serum samples, 10 vaginal swabs, 7 raw semen samples and 63 extended semen samples were collected from IBR suspected animals of various organised dairy farms and semen station of Telangana state. All the samples were subjected for virus detection, followed by isolation studies. Of the 125 samples screened by Real-time PCR, 18 extended semen samples, 2 nasal swabs, 1 vaginal swab, and 1 raw semen sample were found positive for BoHV-1 and all the 14 serum samples were negative, which account for a positivity rate of 17.6%. The positive samples were propagated in MDBK cell lines for isolation of BoHV-1. The signs of CPE were seen on the 5th day of inoculation on third passage. The viral harvest was re-confirmed by real time PCR.
Modulation of Inflammation and Immune Response by Herbal Extract in Escherichia coli Infected Broiler Chickens
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of a fermented polyherbal formulation in Escherichia coli infected broiler chickens over a period of 28 days (from day 0 to 28th day of age). A total of 120 day-old broiler chicks (Vencobb 400) were divided into four equal groups each of 30 birds, viz., Environmental control (G1), infection control (G2), non-fermented extract treated (G3) and fermented extract treated (G4). E. coli infection was experimentally induced in all groups, except the environment control group. Significant reductions in CRP and TNF-α concentrations were observed in the polyherbal treated groups compared to the infection group. Antibody response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was assessed using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Administration of the polyherbal formulation resulted in higher HI titres in both treated groups, reflecting an improved humoral immune response when compared with the infection group. In conclusion, fermented polyherbal extract effectively suppressed systemic inflammation, as evidenced by lower CRP and TNF-α levels, and strengthened humoral immune responses through increased NDV antibody titres in E. coli infected broiler chickens.
Improved In Vitro Maturation of Goat Oocytes using Cysteamine and Epidermal Growth Factor-Enriched Media
The current study was performed to see the effect of cysteamine and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on in vitro maturation of goat oocytes (n=8516). The four maturation media used in the study were: Control (TCM-199 + FSH 1 µg/mL + 20 IU/mL hCG + 1 μg/mL Estradiol + Gentamicin 50 μg/mL + 10% EGS); Group I (Control + 100 µM/mL Cysteamine); Group II (Control + 20 ng/mL EGF) and Group III (Control + 100 µM/mL Cysteamine and 20 ng/mL EGF), involving 1591, 1252, 1242, and 1214 oocytes, respectively, for 50, 33, 31, and 30 trials. Later the oocytes were incubated in CO2 incubator for 27 h at 38.5°C, 5% CO₂, and 90-95% relative humidity. The in vitro maturation of goat oocytes, assessed based on cumulus expansion (77.02±2.24 to 77.56±1.57 vs 52.63±1.84%) and first polar body extrusion (55.01±3.00 to 64.11 ±1.93 vs 31.64±2.68%) was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in Group I, II and III compared to Control group. In summary, the addition of cysteamine and epidermal growth factor alone or in combination in the maturation media had a beneficial effect on maturation rate in goat oocytes.
Evaluation of Bubaline Derived Composite Collagen Glue for Enhanced Healing and Cosmetic Efficacy of Aural Haematoma in Dogs
The objective of the present study was to evaluate collagen glue for the treatment of aural haematoma in dogs. Eighteen clinical cases of dogs suffering from aural haematoma were divided into three groups. In group I (n=6), horizontal mattress sutures were applied, in group II (n=6) horizontal mattress sutures along with collagen glue was applied and in group III (n=6) sole application of collagen glue was done for the obliteration of dead space. The cosmetic appearance of ear pinna was compared in all the groups after complete healing. Haemato-biochemical parameters recorded revealed that the most values were within normal physiological limits without group or period effect, except for total leukocyte count and neutrophils (%) which significantly significant in all groups from day 0 to day 7 post-treatment and the values were also lower in group III than group I. Histological observations concluded that collagen glue treated group showed reduced inflammatory cells, fast proliferation of fibroblasts, early epithelialization and improved neovascularization along with significant collagen deposition and arrangement.
In Silico Neuroproteomic Profiling of Chicken Brain Development Reveals Stage-Specific Molecular Signatures and Functional Pathways
Brain development in vertebrates is a highly coordinated process involving the temporal and spatial expression of proteins that govern neural induction, patterning, differentiation, and maturation. In the chicken model, SDS-PAGE profiling across developmental stages - from embryonic day 0 to adulthood - has revealed stage-specific protein bands indicative of dynamic proteomic shifts. However, the functional identity and biological relevance of these proteins remain underexplored. In this study, we employed an in silico neuroproteomic approach to annotate and analyze these developmentally regulated proteins. Using tools such as BLAST, STRING, PANTHER, and DAVID, we mapped each protein to its respective biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Key proteins such as FGF2, amyloid precursor protein (APP), myelin basic protein (MBP), and β-catenin exhibited distinct expression patterns correlating with critical neurodevelopmental events, including axoneogenesis, synaptogenesis, and myelination. Protein-protein interaction networks revealed hubs central to neural signaling, structural organization, and brain maturation. Pathway enrichment analysis further highlighted involvement in Wnt signaling, neurotrophin signaling, and myelin sheath formation. This integrative analysis provides a systems-level view of chicken brain development, underscoring conserved and stage-specific molecular pathways. Our findings offer valuable insights for neurobiology and open new avenues for translational research in poultry production.
Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Silver Fluorophosphate in the Treatment of Long Bone Fractures in Dogs
The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiological effect of silver fluorophosphate for repair of long bone fractures in dogs. Twelve clinical cases of long bone fractures were divided into two groups having six animals in each group. In group I, long bone fractures were immobilized using a locking compression plate (LCP), while in group II long bone fractures were immobilized using LCP along with additional use of silver fluorophosphate granules. Post-surgery, modified Robert Jones bandaging provided limb support. Antibiotics and analgesics were administered and owners were instructed on wound care and limited movement of dogs for minimum 20 days. Radiographic examination and functional outcome of affected bone examination was carried out on the day of surgery and then on the 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th day post-operatively. Good clinical outcome in terms of post-operative fracture healing and lameness score was observed in group I compared to group II. The poor outcome in group II might be due to fracture complexity, sex-specific and breed-specific behaviour, and limited post-operative care. Post-operative complications observed mainly in group II included self mutilation of the wound, screw dislodgment, plate bending, and bone osteolysis.
Periodontal Disease in Dogs: Incidence and Comparative Efficacy of Ozonated Water versus Demineralized Water in Dental Scaling
A retrospective study of 6,141 canine cases presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Kamdhenu University, Anand (August 2023 to July 2024), identified 87 (1.42%) cases with oral affections. Of these, 21 (24.13%) were diagnosed with periodontal disease. Higher incidence was noted in male and older dogs, the most affected breeds being Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Pomeranian Spitz. Dogs on soft or vegetarian diets without oral hygiene showed increased susceptibility. Clinically, halitosis, abnormal salivation, dental plaque, and calculus were the predominant findings. In a therapeutic trial with 14 affected dogs, two groups of seven received ultrasonic dental scaling with either ozonated or demineralized water. Gram-positive cocci were the predominant isolates from dental swabs, and Amikacin showed the highest antibiotic sensitivity (71.42%). Scaling with ozonated water reduced bacterial load significantly (from 74.14 ± 8.13 ×10³ to 32.57 ± 4.77 ×10³ CFU/mL; p = 0.001), whereas demineralized water produced no significant change (79.86 ± 8.43 ×10³ to 70.00 ± 7.61 ×10³ CFU/mL; p = 0.064). These findings underscore the high incidence of periodontal disease in specific canine demographics and demonstrate the superior antibacterial efficacy of ozonated water in canine periodontal disease management through dental scaling. These findings suggest that ozonated water is more effective for bacterial control in periodontal lesions.
Clinical Staging as Prognostic Indicator for Surgical Decision Making Tool in Mammary Tumours in Bitches
Mammary tumours are the second most common neoplasms in female dogs, following skin tumours and are more prevalent in regions where early spaying is not common. Surgical resection is the gold standard for managing these tumours, providing effective local control, except in cases of inflammatory carcinoma or distant metastases. This study examined the staging and metastases patterns of canine mammary tumours in 25 cases in dogs. Among these 25 animals, 32% were in Stage III, 24% in Stage IV and Stage V, 12% in Stage I and 8% in Stage II. Regional metastases occurred in 10 animals (6 in Stage IV and 4 in Stage V), with thoracic metastases identified in 6 Stage V cases which was confirmed by histopathology of excised tumours. Radiographs showed miliary nodules (<2 mm) in one case and larger pulmonary nodules (>2 mm) in five cases, along with other atypical lesions like pulmonary effusion, cardiomegaly and perihilar nodules. Miliary opacities indicated lymphatic spread, while defined nodules were typical of thoracic metastases. Surgical procedures, including lumpectomy, simple mastectomy and radical mastectomy were chosen based on gross morphology and stage. The dogs with malignant mammary tumours had significantly higher levels of haemoglobin and TLC with neutrophilia, lymphopenia and elevated creatinine compared to those with benign tumours. These findings highlight the need for early detection, accurate staging and personalized surgical intervention to improve prognosis.
Behavioural and Physiochemical Dynamics of the Canine Estrous Cycle: A Tool for Enhancing Breeding Efficiency
Efficient canine breeding relies on accurate detection of the fertile window, particularly during proestrus and estrus. Over the last decade, the interest in high-quality pedigree dogs as pets has surged, driven by smaller family structures and increased awareness. As dog breeding has transformed into a blend of passion, artistry, and science, finding the optimal times for conception and breeding requires constant effort. The present study was conducted during July to December 2024 at Jaipur (Rajasthan) to evaluate the behavioural and physiochemical changes occurring throughout the estrous cycle in bitches to enhance their breeding efficiency. Eighteen healthy bitches, aged 2-4 years, were assessed for behavioural changes (like aggression, tendency to run away from home, frequent urination and flagging of tail, lordosis reflex) and physiochemical parameters (vulvar turgidity, edema, mucous membrane color, vaginal discharge, and vaginal pH). Tail deflection and lordosis emerged as the most consistent behavioural signs of estrus. Vulvar turgidity and edema peaked mid-cycle, while vaginal discharge and pH showed a decreasing trend toward ovulation. Though these external indicators offered valuable guidance, individual variability limited their reliability. Therefore, combining behavioural and physiochemical assessments provided a practical, low-cost recommendation for breeders and veterinarians to improve estrus detection and breeding efficiency, especially where hormonal assays are not accessible. This integrated method could significantly improve timing for natural mating or artificial insemination in domestic dogs.
Diagnosis of Horn Cancer through Thermography and It’s Surgical Management in Cattle
Horn cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among all neoplastic conditions impacting the bovine population and productivity. A reduction in draught performance, milk production and general well-being leads to considerable economic loss to the farmers. The present study was aimed to diagnose horn cancer early through thermography and its timely surgical management in cattle. The present study involved 34 cases of first-degree horn cancer in bullocks (31/34) and cows (3/34) presented at the Veterinary College Clinic in Junagadh (Gujarat, India) and the area around Junagadh during the year 2024. The study revealed the highest incidence of horn cancer in Gir and Kankrej cattle (47.06% each) predominantly affecting castrated male animals (91.18%). In cases with first-degree horn cancer, shaking of the head, rubbing of the horn on hard objects, nasal discharge from the affected side of horn and lachrymation were the predominant clinical signs. The most affected age group was 6-10 years (52.94%) and the left horn was more frequently involved (67.65%). All the animals passed through thermography showed consistent higher temperature in affected than non-affected horns, proving it a reliable non-invasive diagnostic tool. This was followed by surgical amputation of affected horn and histopathological confirmation, which identified squamous cell carcinoma (6 cases) and other conditions like papilloma, dysplastic changes, myxomatous growths and normal horn tissue without pathological changes.
Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Production Traits Using Test-Day Random Regression Model in Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cattle
This study was aimed to estimate genetic parameters for milk production traits in Holstein Friesian (HF) crossbred cattle using test-day random regression models. A total of 1,59,950 first-lactation test-day milk yield records of 17,135 HF crossbred cows, sired by 259 bulls, maintained in four districts of Gujarat (Panchmahal, Sabarkantha, Surat, and Tapi) between 1997 and 2019 were obtained from the INAPH-MIS database of NDDB, Anand. Variance components, heritability, and repeatability were estimated using the Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood (AI-REML) algorithm fitted with a Legendre polynomial function of days in milk. The average values for test-day milk yield (TDMY), fat yield (TDFY), solid-not-fat yield (TDSNFY), and protein yield (TDPY) were 9.12, 0.38, 0.80, and 0.30 kg, respectively. Heritability was moderate (0.24 for TDMY, 0.16 for TDFY, 0.22 for TDSNFY, and 0.17 for TDPY), with repeatability estimates higher for TDMY (0.79) than other traits. Sire evaluation using univariate BLUP revealed average EBVs of 63.17 kg for 305-d milk yield, 1.69 kg for fat yield, 4.19 kg for SNF yield, and 1.39 kg for protein yield. The findings demonstrate the suitability of random regression test-day models for genetic evaluation and highlight their potential utility in structured breeding programmes of HF crossbred cattle in Gujarat.
Age-Related Dynamics of Anti-Müllerian Hormone and its Correlation with Antral Follicle Count in Growing Heifers
The profitability of the dairy industry relies heavily on reproductive efficiency and genetic improvement, particularly in countries where dairy farming is vital for the economy. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and antral follicle count (AFC) in female calves as potential biomarkers for predicting reproductive success in advanced breeding programs. A total of 31 female calves of indigenous and crossbred cattle breeds, aged six months, were selected and monitored over one year, with blood samples collected at 6, 12, and 18 months to assess AMH levels. Upon reaching 18 months, ultrasound examinations were performed to determine AFC. Based on the median follicle count of 34.40, irrespective of genetic makeup, the animals were divided into High AFC (n=15, 50.37±3.08) and Low AFC (n=16, 27.25±1.52) groups. Results indicated a significant decline in AMH levels over age. Mean AMH level decreased from 2.53±0.29 ng/mL at 6 months to 1.79±0.14 ng/mL at 18 months (p<0.05). Notably, higher AMH concentrations were consistently associated with greater AFC throughout the age groups (p<0.05), highlighting AMH’s potential as an early predictor of reproductive performance. The findings underscore the importance of AMH as a valuable biomarker in selecting heifers for in vitro embryo production programs at an early age, ultimately enhancing the efficiency of breeding strategies in the dairy industry.
Anti-Mullerian Hormone as a Marker for Enhanced Reproductive Strategies in Buffaloes Vis-à-vis Cattle: A Review
Buffaloes, comprising the River and Swamp sub-species, hold increasing importance in tropical and subtropical regions due to their ecological adaptability and economic benefits. However, their reproductive physiology, particularly ovarian follicular dynamics, differs from cattle, posing challenges for assisted reproductive technologies (ART). This review explores the role of the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) as a potential marker for ovarian reserve, ART outcomes, and fertility in buffaloes. Comparative studies with cattle highlight differences in follicular populations and AMH levels. AMH emerges as a promising marker for predicting superovulatory response, embryo production efficiency, and fertility across different stages of reproductive aging. Molecular insights into the AMH gene shed light on its genetic regulation and evolutionary significance in various domestic species. Understanding the role of AMH in buffalo reproductive biology offers avenues for optimizing ART protocols and genetic improvement strategies, thus enhancing the sustainability and profitability of buffalo breeding programs.
Management of Bee Sting Induced Anaphylaxis and Acute Kidney Injury in a Husky Dog
Apidae (bees), Vespidae (hornets, wasps, and yellow jackets), and Formicidae (fire ants) the three genera of Hymenoptera are most responsible for physical symptoms associated with allergic reactions seen in veterinary facilities (Casale and Burks, 2014). The venom in the sting can produce conditions ranging from minor local lesions to life threatening systemic reactions. It is worth mentioning here that the honeybees can only sting once in their lifetime as their barbed stinger snags in the victim’s skin, ripping the stinging mechanism from the bee’s body and killing the bee. The venom sac keeps contracting outside the body of the bee, and 100% of its venom is delivered over 60 seconds. Honeybee venom is a clear acidic substance consisting of several enzymes, proteins, and amines that can cause poisonous and adverse reactions in the bodies of those who are exposed to it. Melittin and phospholipase A2 are the primary components of bee venom, however several additional chemicals are also present. These compounds cause haemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, renal tubule degradation, and necrosis, ultimately leading to failure of the organs (Almeida et al., 2011). Melittin, in collaboration with phospholipase A2, breaks cell membranes in certain mammals, resulting in lysis of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, myocytes, and vascular endothelium. Hyaluronidase, often known as “spreading factor” in venom, is responsible for modifying the permeability of cell membranes and thus allowing other venom components to permeate into the tissues of the host. Melittin has the potential to adhere to and generate transitory holes on the surface of red blood cells, which can range from minor to severe depending on weather conditions, age, and the types of flowers used by bees for honey production. The deadly dose for humans and mammals is believed to be 500 stings per adult and 20 stings per kilogram, respectively (Vetter et al., 1999). Intravascular haemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, hepatopathy, cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP), and disseminative intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) are all side consequences of severe envenomation and anaphylaxis. This document reports successful management of bee sting induced anaphylaxis and acute kidney injury in a Husky dog.
Dystocia due to Schistosomus Reflexus Foetal Monstrosity in a Jaffarabadi Buffalo: A Case Report
Among buffalo breeds, Jaffarabadi is the heaviest and most commonly suffers from dystocia for a variety of reasons, including uterine torsion, incomplete cervical dilatation, an oversized foetus, dropsical conditions of the foetus and foetal membranes, and congenital foetal monstrosities such as schistosomus reflexus. Several authors reported the prevalence of the schistosomus reflexus foetal monster in many species, i.e., cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, dog, and equine (Kumar et al., 2019a,b; Duarte et al., 2022; Deepak et al., 2023; Harika et al., 2023; Yadav et al., 2024). The presence of a deformed spine and exposed abdominal and thoracic viscera allows for the gross identification of schistosomus reflexus. Anomalies of the ovum, embryo, or foetus that result in skeletal developmental abnormalities are typically cited as the etiology for the emergence of foetal monstrosities, however, definite etiology is still ambiguous (Munif et al., 2023). The majority of affected foetuses are not viable. Congenital defects are seen as economically significant since they hinder spontaneous foetal delivery. Dystocia is inevitable in the cases of the foetal monstrosities amongst farm animals (Borakhatariya et al., 2017; Borakhatariya et al., 2020). In such instances, cases can be managed by Caesarean section when there is insufficient space in the birth canal to apply manual obstetrical mutations, or by partial or complete foetotomy for per-vaginum delivery. Such cases need to be treated promptly because if they are not, the dead foetus may develop emphysema, which could lead to toxaemia and the collapse of the dam. An unusual case of dystocia due to schistosomus reflexus foetal monster clinically managed with Caesarean section in a Jaffarabadi buffalo is described in this case report.
Volvulus of Gravid Uterine Horn in a Pregnant Cat: First Report in India
Torsion is the twisting of an organ around its own axis, while volvulus is the rotation of an organ around its mesenteric axis. Uterine torsion is defined as the twisting of a uterine horn or uterine body about the longitudinal axis (Roberts, 1971). Uterine torsion is an uncommon complication of pregnancy in the cat (Riyard et al., 2000). Uterine torsion is life threatening both for the pregnant cat and fetuses, and its aetiology is unclear (Tohumcu et al., 2021), but loosened uterine ligaments, uterine contractions, fetal movements, maternal physical activity during pregnancy are the possible predispositions for the torsion (Biller and Haibel, 1987). There are published reports on the uterine torsion, but a very few reports of uterine twisting at the base of the uterine horn and ovarian end causing volvulus of uterine horn are available in cats (Thilagar et al., 2005). This paper presents a first report of very rare volvulus of gravid uterine horn in a pregnant cat in India.
Prevalence and Multidrug Resistance Indices of Listeria spp. from Bovine Milk, Milk Products and Clinical Samples in and around Junagadh City, Gujarat, India
The antibiotic resistance profiles of 18 Listeria spp. (5.14%) obtained from a total of 350 (100 bovine milk, 100 milk products and 150 animal clinical) samples were evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method against 14 commonly used antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. All 18 Listeria isolates exhibited varying levels of resistance to the tested antibiotics. Notably, resistance observed in all isolates (100%) against ampicillin, amoxyclav and oxacillin is particularly alarming, as ampicillin remains the primary drug of choice for L. monocytogenes infections, suggesting the potential emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. Additionally, 77.77% of the isolates (14 out of 18) showed resistance to chloramphenicol and cefepime, while 55.55% (10 isolates) were resistant to gentamicin, which further underscores the reduced efficacy of commonly used antibiotics. The isolates showing resistance to three or more antibiotics were evaluated for the multiple antibiotic-resistant phenotypes (MARPs) and multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index. Thirteen L. monocytogenes isolates exhibited 12 MARP patterns with sistance to 7-13 antibiotics (MAR index: 0.50-0.92), while five other Listeria spp. (2 L. innocua, 0.57%; 3 L. seeligeri, 0.85%) showed 5 patterns resistant to 8-13 antibiotics with MAR index 0.35-0.71, suggesting urgent need for stringent monitoring, judicious antibiotic use, and improved food safety measures to prevent the spread of resistant Listeria strains.
Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index
Prevalence of Different Types of Enteritis in Camels of Rajasthan
For the present study, a total 80 tissue specimens of intestinal tract were examined from carcasses of camel, irrespective of sex, age groups and breeds, from July 2017 to June 2018. Out of these, 32 samples representative of gross lesions were processed for subsequent histopathological examination. An overall incidence of enteritis in camel was recorded as 40 % (32/80). The occurrence of various types of enteritis, i.e., catarrhal enteritis, necrotic enteritis, necro-haemorrhagic enteritis, eosinophilic enteritis and haemorrhagic enteritis were 15.00, 6.25, 6.25, 5.00 and 7.50 %, respectively. Catarrhal enteritis was the most prevalent and eosinophilic enteritis least prevalent conditions affecting intestines of camels in Rajasthan during the study period.
Treatment Outcomes of Mandibular Fractures in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 24 Cases
Mandibular fractures present unique surgical challenges due to their anatomical complexity. This retrospective study of 24 dogs examines fracture patterns, management strategies, and outcomes. Road traffic accidents were the predominant etiology (n=13), followed by dog bites (n=7), falls (n=3), and horse kicks (n=1). Patients were presented with signs of oral bleeding, jaw mal-alignment, swelling, and reluctance to eat. A high incidence occurred in dogs under one year (n=12) and Indian Pariah breed (n=20), with males predominating (n=16). Bilateral fractures occurred in 13 cases, while 8 had multiple fractures. Fracture distribution was: canine-premolar region (n=10), symphyseal separation (n=6), third-fourth molar region (n=4), last molar-ramus (n=4), incisor-canine (n=3), first-second molar (n=3), with one concurrent maxillofacial fracture. Stabilization techniques employed were circumferential wiring, K-wires, plates (cuttable, SOP), and external fixation. Postoperative care included soft diet, antibiotics, analgesia, and antiseptic rinses.
Comparative Efficacy of Different Techniques of Oocyte Recovery from Slaughtered Goat Ovaries
The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy of the oocyte quality and recovery rate between three different retrieval methods from goat ovaries. Recovery of oocytes by three methods that is slicing, aspiration and dissection followed by grading into Grade I, Grade II and Grade III oocytes was carried out. On statistical analysis, the mean oocyte recovery rate per ovary and mean yield of Grade I and II oocyte was significantly (p<0.05) higher in slicing as compared to aspiration, and no significant difference (p>0.05) was seen with dissection method. However, there was no significant difference between aspiration and dissection methods. There was no significant difference in the mean yield of Grade III oocytes between slicing, aspiration and dissection methods. In conclusion, slicing was found to be the more effective method for oocyte recovery.