South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities offers an online open-access platform for researcher, scholars and academicians. SAJSSH publishes articles on a broad spectrum of Social sciences and Humanities. We publish research articles of great quality only after the approval from our reviewers. We have dedicated, sincere and highly experienced editorial team members from different countries and background to assist in developing quality of research papers. Indexing Details: Ebsco, Base, Google Scholar, Crossref, International Scientific Indexing, CiteFactor, Advance Science Index, Research BIB, Index Medicine, Semantic Scholar, UlrichWeb, WorldCat, Open Access, Publon, Jgate and many more
Navigating VUCA: Strategic Decision-Making in Iraqi Startups from a Dynamic Capabilities Perspective
Iraq’s fragile and resource-constrained entrepreneurial ecosystem exposes startups to persistent environmental turbulence that challenges conventional decision-making structures. Drawing on the theory of dynamic capability, this study examines how the four dimensions of the VUCA environment—volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity—shape the strategic decision making process in Iraqi startups. A quantitative cross-sectional research design was employed, and survey data were collected from 200 founders and senior managers using validated five point Likert-type scales. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to assess the measurement and structural models. The results indicate that all four VUCA dimensions exert a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of the strategic decision-making process. Rather than treating VUCA conditions solely as constraints, Iraqi startups appear to leverage them as catalysts for agility, experimentation, and learning-oriented decision behavior. These findings extend dynamic capabilities theory to an emerging, post conflict context by suggesting that relational and intuitive forms of competence—such as improvisation, experiential learning, and trust-based collaboration—can partially substitute for formal structures and analytical routines. Practically, the study offers insights for entrepreneurs, incubators, and policymakers on how to strengthen startups’ strategic responsiveness through flexible planning, continuous environmental sensing, and dynamic learning mechanisms.
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Legal Challenges to Implementing the New Oil and Gas Law in Iraq
The Iraqi oil and gas law was not born of chance with the discovery of oil. Rather, it was a logical consequence of the historical development of oil and gas law and the obstacles it encountered, the most important of which was the sovereignty issue, which we addressed in the introduction to this research. The licensing method and the effectiveness of administrative oversight in granting these sensitive contracts were the basis for approval. The oil sector in Iraq is considered one of the primary economic resources that contribute significantly to the economy. The legal framework for oil extraction contracts is a pivotal element in ensuring national benefit. To regulate this vital sector, oil operations are managed in a legally and transparent manner. These contracts aim to define the relationship between the Iraqi government and local and international companies, ensuring the preservation of the state's rights to its natural resources and providing an investment environment that encourages partnerships with international companies. This legal framework presents significant challenges, as it requires coordination between the various stakeholders, in addition to balancing economic and political interests. This is what we reviewed in our research by examining the shortcomings of the licensing method and the effectiveness of the administration's oversight during the approval and granting of petroleum licenses.
legal challenges to implementing the new oil and gas law in Iraq
Challenges and Practices of Implementing Inclusive Education: A Review of Teachers' Classrooms Preparation and Parental Support
In Bangladesh, inclusive education is underscored in the Constitution, the National Education Policy 2010, and the SDGs; however, in practice, this is not without challenges. There are not enough trained teachers; classes are too large, and resources are too scarce. Attitudes towards linguistic disabilities and marginal communities remain negative; weak school leadership and teacher reluctance all conspire against their success. Parent engagement is still minimal because of poverty, stigma, and ignorance. Interference in policy making, as well as politicization, exacerbates the policy–practice gap. This study examines the reasons behind the failure of inclusive education in Bangladesh, with a particular emphasis on the classroom experiences of teachers and the level of parental involvement in the learning process. This research further argues that to achieve inclusion, the cooperative relationship between parents and teachers should be strengthened, teachers' competence should be enhanced, classroom practices should be applied consistently, and long-term plans should be made for marginalized children.
Department of Accounting, College of Administrative and Financial Sciences, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq.
This research seeks to clarify the concept of institutional corruption, which many countries suffer from, especially various developing countries, including Iraq. It takes on multiple, broad dimensions, intertwined with various factors, including the effectiveness of external audit and inspection bodies. Therefore, the importance of the research lies in clarifying the role that external audit and inspection bodies can play in eliminating institutional corruption within the government institutions subject to their oversight, and the extent to which these bodies adhere to regulations and laws to preserve public funds. The research yielded a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a clear role for external audit and inspection bodies in identifying cases of institutional corruption in Iraq, but they do not report them to the relevant anti-corruption bodies in a timely manner. Nevertheless, their absence from performing their duties will lead to increased manipulation of public funds, violations and breaches of financial laws, an increase in embezzlement, waste of public funds, and the exploitation of influence and government positions. The research reached a set of recommendations, including the need for serious work by all official and popular sectors to lift all covers on corruption, especially technical covers. Legal and administrative measures are needed to enable external audit and inspection bodies to combat corruption more effectively. Proposals for draft laws criminalizing practices and actions that contribute to the emergence and spread of corruption are also proposed, and legislative bodies are required to approve and implement them. Managements of state institutions are selected from those with a good reputation and professional competence, not based on criteria of proximity or distance from influential authorities
The Role of Financial Accounting in Enhancing The Corporate Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises
This research aims to examine the relationship between financial accounting and the corporate financial performance (CFP) of Malaysian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study employed a sample of 120 SMEs spanning the years 2018 to 2024, utilizing secondary data from annual reports and database by using OLS to test the regression analysis. The study found a positive and strong relationship between financial accounting and CFP. The research highlights the essential role that transparent financial accounting and accurate plays in supporting administrative decision-making and financial within firms, contributing to enhanced performance. It also proved that implementing current accounting standards improves the consistency of financial information, which enhances stakeholder and investor confidence and positively influence financial sustainability and growth. The research recommends that firms adhere to financial accounting by accounting standards, improve internal control systems for the financial information, and support the effectiveness of accounting personnel to guarantee transparent financial performance and sustainable.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Improving Financial Productivity of Private Placements Firms
This research aims to examine the role of artificial intelligence applications (AI) in enhancing and improving the financial productivity of private equity firms. The study tested 118 private placement firms in Malaysia from 2019 to 2024, by using secondary data and annual reports. The research results indicate that AI is positively associated with improving the financial productivity of private placement firms. AI has become an effective instrument in managing and enhancing operational processes; its advanced analytical capabilities, automation of prediction of market trends, repetitive tasks, and decision-making depend on large amounts of data. A range of AI applications were analyzed, and the AI has become a critical factor in enhancing financial productivity in companies and institutions, with multiple impacts spanning operational, analytical, and strategic aspects.
Socio-Cultural Explanation of Newborn Child Health and Illness: An Anthropological Study on The Practice of Ethnomedicine in the Context of Rural Child
The health of infants in rural areas is influenced by factors like medicine as well as traditional and cultural beliefs. The study examines the impact of local beliefs and practices on the health and well-being of newborns in Bhangura village, as well as the significance of ethnomedicine in caring for newborns within the village. Based on interviews, the study suggests that many caregivers act and seek healthcare based on the cultural belief that illness in a newborn was triggered by an evil force. Herbal remedies, rituals and massage are usually used first and only biomedical health care is considered when the traditional ways fail. A person’s decision about medical care is influenced by how accessible it is, its cost, their trust in traditional healers and its suitability with their culture. It is suggested by the study that both ethnomedicine and biomedicine can work together and support newborn health by implementing related policies. This research indicates that how medical support is provided to newborns in rural areas should be influenced by cultural factors for good outcomes.
Beautification as Systemic Violence: A Critical Anthropological Perspective
This study aims to provide a qualitative analysis of the concept of beautification among university female students, analyzing how systemic violence operates through societal structures, institutional norms, and media influences on women’s beautification practices. It also examines the psychological, social, and economic consequences of conformity to beauty norms. Fieldwork was conducted at Comilla University with female students from various departments. Both primary and secondary sources were used for data collection. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling, and a total of 60 participants aged between 20 and 24 years, all currently studying at Comilla University, were interviewed. Qualitative ethnographic approaches guided the research, and data were collected using multiple techniques. Participant observation proved effective, allowing the researcher to live within the community and observe daily life firsthand. The study was further informed by semi-structured interviews, which combined pre-determined questions with the flexibility to explore emerging themes. Research tools included field notes and audio recordings, obtained with the consent of each respondent. Findings reveal that students’ perceptions are conflicted between natural and socially constructed notions of beautification. Beauty norms emerge not from personal preference but as responses to societal expectations, institutional norms, and media influences. As a result of these unattainable beauty standards, students experience social rejection, psychological trauma, and anxiety about unequal job opportunities. This study recommends that policymakers and researchers critically and effectively address SDG-5 in Bangladesh, advocating for a society where women are valued for their intellectual competence and aptitude rather than judged by physical appearance.
From the Evolution of the Waste Management System in Panyu District, Guangzhou City: Examining the Relationship between Public Participation and Institutional Reform
The waste problem in major cities in mainland China is severe, causing significant challenges for local governments. Faced with such a vast amount of waste, local governments often opt for incineration as a primary disposal method. However, incineration brings various issues to local residents, and the government's rigid enforcement has led to public backlash. Public dissatisfaction with government policies has driven efforts to challenge the absolute authority of decision-makers over the system. Various forms of public participation have emerged, and in the process of reforming the waste management system in Panyu District, Guangzhou, it is evident that public participation has provided significant space and impetus for institutional change. This study examines the relationship between public participation and institutional reform, observing how it prompts the government to alter established systems. In the context of mainland China’s authoritarian regime, where public activities are not entirely free, notable achievements have still been made. The paper begins with a literature review, followed by a detailed exploration of the public’s resistance to the waste management system in Panyu District, Guangzhou, and the government’s responses, assessing whether public participation has driven institutional changes.
Urban Governance and Service Delivery Mechanism: A Slum Based Study of Dhaka Metropolitan
Urban governance encompasses the mechanisms used to manage cities, including public administration and the delivery of services. Effective urban governance is crucial for achieving sustainable and inclusive growth. This study focuses on the most underprivileged group in society: slum dwellers. It uses a quantitative approach to examine the issue. Dhaka Metropolitan is the primary area of focus, with data obtained from the ‘Urban Informal Settlement Survey-2016.’ The author analyzes the functions of the Dhaka Metropolitan service delivery system and the main responsibilities of each department. Next, the study describes the living conditions and livelihoods of slum residents using descriptive statistics, including pie charts, bar diagrams, and tables. MS Excel is used for this purpose. The findings highlight the limitations of slum administration and the reasons behind unreliable service delivery. Additionally, the provision of basic services is inadequate, leading to poor living conditions for the urban poor. This study shows that governance in the Dhaka Metropolitan slums has several areas for improvement. The service delivery system is not functioning properly. The findings also reveal the quality of life of the urban poor, their heavy dependence on informal non-agricultural sectors, poor housing conditions, and limited access to essential services, including healthcare, potable water, sanitation, and education. Ultimately, integrated policies can help address the challenges of service delivery and governance in urban slums by fostering accountability and transparency.
Nature and mystical beliefs in Biakolo’s Inotan and the River Goddess of and Sanusi’s La vie d’un enfant mystérieux
African literary works, since their inception with the advent of colonialism, have explored diverse realities, ranging from critiques of colonial legacies to dictatorship, women's subjugation and empowerment, civil unrest on the African continent, migration, as well as the importance of nature in human day-to-day living. Environmental discourse in African literature, expressed in both English and French, has primarily focused on the aesthetics of nature and human nefarious activities that pose a danger to both nature and human existence, with little attention given to spirituality and mysticism. Using the comparative model as a method and magical realism as a framework, this research seeks to demonstrate that indigenous mystical beliefs are intricately tied to the natural environment. Specifically, water bodies (rivers) and trees are identified as key mystical habitats while shedding light on the multifaceted nature of African mystical beliefs and their profound connection to the environment. The research argues that nature transcends mere aesthetics, serving as a complex and enigmatic realm accessible only to those initiated into its ontological landscapes, as it reveals a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between culture, spirituality, and the environment in African literature. It also highlights the significance of acknowledging the diversity of mystical beliefs shaped by distinct ecological landscapes, with potential implications for environmental discourse.
Festivals as a Communicative Space in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh Borderland: A Study of Ali-Aye-Ligang and Solung
This study investigates the role of festivals as space for communication that enhance interethnic relationships. By concentrating on the Ali-Aye-Ligang and Solung festivals within the Mishing and Adi communities, it analyzes how cultural expressions and mutual engagement facilitate intercultural dialogue and promote social unity. Employing a qualitative ethnographic methodology, data were collected through interviews and participant observation during the festival cycles of 2023-2024. The analysis illustrates how these festivals function as venues for cultural negotiation. Moreover, the results indicate that festivals serve as grassroots mechanisms for peacebuilding, fostering mutual understanding, and enhancing community resilience in a politically sensitive and ethnically diverse borderland. Rather than being simple celebrations, Ali-Aye-Ligang and Solung emerge as essential communicative actions that transform the borderland into a realm of coexistence and shared cultural identity.
Framing Development And Resistance: A Content Analysis Of Media Narratives On The Siang Upper Multipurpose Dam
This study conducts a qualitative content analysis of news articles from The Hindu and The Arunachal Times, examining how media frame the proposed Siang Upper Multipurpose Project (SUMP) in Arunachal Pradesh. The analysis reveals that The Hindu predominantly frames the dam in terms of national policy, developmental progress, and strategic considerations, whereas The Arunachal Times focuses on indigenous rights, cultural and ecological concerns, and procedural issues such as the absence of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC). The Hindu's coverage tends to highlight institutional perspectives and national interest narratives, while The Arunachal Times amplifies grassroots opposition and local perspectives. These divergent framings illustrate the media's dual role in both legitimizing state-led development narratives and empowering indigenous resistance. The study contributes to understanding how media narratives shape public discourse on controversial infrastructure projects, highlighting implications for environmental communication and the representation of marginalized voices.
Muslim And Hindu Women’s Inheritance Rights in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study
This study aims to examine the status of Muslim and Hindu women’s inheritance issues in Bangladesh through empirical research. The empirical study aims to investigate the perceptions of ordinary people (both men and women) regarding inheritance issues, in conjunction with expert observations, and to assess the impact of such perceptions on women’s empowerment and the country's development agendas. Based on the empirical findings, the study suggests some workable solutions that the Government may consider to ensure gender equality and fulfill its commitments under the SDGs.
Modeling the Impact of Mobile Financial Services on Financial Literacy in Rural Bangladesh: A UTAUT2-Based Approach
This paper examines how mobile financial services (MFS) shape financial literacy in rural Bangladesh through the UTAUT2 lens. We surveyed 432 rural MFS users across five districts and analyzed the data with SmartPLS 4.0 using structural equation modeling. The measurement model met standard criteria for reliability and convergent/discriminant validity. In the structural model, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, hedonic motivation, and price value emerged as the strongest drivers of behavioral intention to use MFS. Facilitating conditions and habit were positively related to actual use, and behavioral intention strongly translated into usage. Crucially, MFS use showed a positive and statistically significant association with financial literacy, suggesting that routine engagement with mobile money enhances users’ financial knowledge, awareness, and decision-making. The findings point to practical steps for policymakers and providers: improve usability and infrastructure in rural areas and run community-based awareness campaigns to broaden adoption. Pairing in-app literacy features or programs with MFS platforms could further accelerate financial empowerment outside urban centers. Conceptually, the study extends UTAUT2 by linking adoption determinants and subsequent usage to downstream financial-literacy outcomes, offering new insight into the socioeconomic effects of digital financial inclusion in rural settings.
The Effect of Liquidity Ratio on the Company Financial Performance: Evidence from a Developing Economy
This study purposes to analyze the link between liquidity ratios and the company financial performance of companies in developing economy. It used secondary data from 118 companies from 2020 to 2024 by using Stata data analysis software. The study found a important and positive association between liquidity ratios and company financial performance. The connection is of great significance to financial managers, investors, and policymakers, particularly in environments in the economy characterized by instability and financial variability. It was found that firms that hold moderate liquidity lacking investing professionally may smart from a lower return on investment, representative that unnecessary liquidity can be main to ineffective utilization of capital. The study suggests that firms keep a suitable balance in liquidity ratios, enough to cover short-term requests without disrupting utilization of existing funds for productive investments. Firms should grow continuing logical models to display liquidity depending on variations in the global and local economic environment to confirm high financial flexibility. The findings of this paper help financial managers make the best decisions concerning the best liquidity ratio, which balances financial safety and investment in profitable changes. Good liquidity administration increases company financial performance by decreasing financing expenses or avoiding liquidity issues.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Stock Market Performance: Evidence from the Dhaka Stock Exchange Indices
The COVID-19 pandemic sent shockwaves through capital markets worldwide, and the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) was no exception. This research paper examines the impact of COVID 19 on three of the key indices in the DSE, such as the Broad Index (DSEX), the Sharia Index (DSES), and the blue-chip index (DS30). Exploiting daily price data from January 2015 to December 2021, respectively, and fitting the GJR-GARCH (1,1) model, the paper investigates the effects of the pandemic on market volatility and returns in the special circumstances of the capital market of Bangladesh. Results indicate that (i) the COVID-19 outbreak witnessed a great surge in volatility in all three indices, (ii) DSEX had to witness the highest volatility, and DS30 had the lowest potent impact of volatility, and (iii) there was a positive association between COVID-19 and market returns within the sample period. The heightened volatility may be attributed to pre-existing struggles in the DSE, the initial panic caused by the outbreak, and the subsequent policy responses. Conversely, immediate policy interventions—such as the introduction of floor prices and circuit breakers—appear to have contributed to positive returns. In order to lessen the effects of financial shocks, the study emphasizes the significance of spreading good news and putting in place prompt market-stabilizing measures.
Prevalence of Digital Addiction among Medical Students in Iraq
This study investigatesthe prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical college students in different Iraqi universities and its impact on academic performance, mental health, and physical well-being. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed using an online self administered survey, distributed via social media from 14 February 2025 to 24 March 2025, which yielded responses from 673 participants from various institutions, predominantly from the University of Babylon. The sample included students from different medical specializations and different academic years, with a higher proportion of females (66.7%). The findings indicate a high prevalence of physical discomfort and psychological stress among users, as well as impaired academic performance and reduced engagement in social activities. Study recommends that educational institutions implement targeted awareness programs, promote digital detox initiatives, enhance counseling services, and consider policy interventions in academic settings. Moreover, future research employing longitudinal designs and objective usage metrics is needed to further elucidate the health implications of excessive smartphone use.
Knowledge and Attitude of A Sample of Iraqi Doctors about Breaking Bad News To Patients In Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Specialized Surgical Hospital In Medical City
Background: Bad news is any bad, sad, or significant information that negatively alters people’s expectations or perceptions of their present or Future. Objectives: to explore the level of knowledge and attitude toward Break bad news to patients among sample of Iraqi doctors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Baghdad teaching hospital and specialized surgical hospital in Baghdad Medical City from first of January 2019 till end of July 2019. A convenient sample of 300 Iraqi doctors (resident, specialists, and consultants) participated; they were selected through random sampling, and data were collected by using a self administered questionnaire adopted from a previous study with some modifications. Results: A total of 300 doctors included in this study, males were 158 (52.7%) while females were 142(47.3). The majority of participants were resident form 194(64.7%). The training status of doctors revealed that the majority of them 204(68.0%) had not been trained about breaking bad news while only 96(32%) of doctors included in a training course, about 28(29.2%) received the course during undergraduate while the rest 68(70.8%) received it during postgraduate. Conclusion and Recommendations: Only one third of them participate in training course about it. Doctors who received training course undergraduate have better score. The overall attitude score was fair and its associated with medical degree, consultant doctors get better attitude score. The study recommends that the Medical College should present educational courses on how to break bad news to undergraduate students during clinical years.
Attitude Of Employed Mothers and Housewives Toward Family Physicians in Primary Health Care Centers
Aim of study: To evaluate the attitude of Employed mothers and housewives toward family physicians in primary health centers and to identify the general satisfaction of participants with the services provided by Family physicians. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4 primary health care centers in Baghdad (AL-Resafah sector, AL-Karikh sector), period from 1st of January 2019 to 1st of June 2019. Sample of a study from a mother who attending the PHCC who have multiple visits, information was obtained by interviewing participants and data entry and analysis was done by using (SPSS-24) then categorized into tables and figures. Result: A total of 250 participants included in this study, the most common age groups was 25-45 years. 62% were married and the rest were either widow or divorced. 72.8% were living in urban area and the rest 27.2% were from rural area. Nearly half of participants were Employed, 112(44.8%) of participants they prefer physicians' age≥45y, 128(51.2%) of participants they have no difference for preferring physicians' gender. Conclusion: More than half of participants have good attitude toward family physician. There was no statistically significant difference with some of participants' characteristics and satisfaction level. Some of participants showed dissatisfaction with the appointment for the next visit and more than half showed dissatisfaction with the waiting time.
Knowledge of Employed Mothers and Housewives Toward Family Physicians in Primary Health Care Centers
Background: Family physicians play an essential role and act as a communicational bridge between people and the healthcare system in providing healthcare services efficiently. Aim of study: To evaluate the Knowledge of Employed mothers and housewives toward family physicians in primary health centers and to identify the general satisfaction of participants with the services provided by Family physicians. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4 primary health care centers in Baghdad (AL-Resafah sector, AL-Karikh sector), from 1st of January 2019, to 1st of June 2019. Sample of a study from a mother who attended the PHCC, who has multiple visits. Result: 72.8% were living in an urban area and the rest 27.2% were from rural areas. Educational level categorized into primary and less, secondary, and institution, college, above with 65(26%), 133(53%), 52(20.8%), respectively. Nearly half of the participants were employed, 112(44.8%) of participants prefer physicians' age≥45y, 128(51.2%) of participants have no difference for preferring physicians' gender. 141(56.4%), 140(56%) of participants didn’t know that the PHC doctors are family physicians and didn’t know that the family physicians are specialists, respectively. Conclusion: More than half of the participants have good Knowledge of family physicians. There was no statistically significant difference in some of the participants' characteristics and satisfaction level. Some of the participants showed dissatisfaction with the appointment for the next visit, and more than half showed dissatisfaction with the waiting time. The results showed that the knowledge of Employed mothers was better than the knowledge of housewives.
C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio as Predictor of COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
Background: Early detection of COVID-19 patients with a higher risk of infection advancement can help tailor treatment plans more specifically and ensure better allocation of healthcare resources. Both C-reactive protein also albumin serve as markers that are sensitive to inflammation. Study objective: evaluate the ability of CRP/ and Alb proportion in the prediction of cruelty and mortality of COVID-19 infection. Method: sample of 130 clients with COVID that confirmed outcomes entered the private nursing home \ medical city, Baghdad, Iraq, between January - October 2023. Patients are divided into mild, moderate and severe, and into dead and alive patients. To predict disease progression, CRP, albumin and CRP\Alb ratio were evaluated on admission. Results: A study of 130 patients with COVID-19 infection, mean age of (53.80 ± 16.33) years old, (48.5%) of patients are females, while (51.5%) of patients are males. (66.92%) of patients have severe infection, while (33.08%) of them have non-severe (mild and moderate) infection with COVID-19. High CRP\Alb ratio occurs more in severe COVID infection and those who died than in non-severe (mild and moderate) and those who were discharged alive, respectively. Conclusion: CRP/and albumin percentage may serve consider early indicator of the development of severe illness or death, offering a predictive biomarker to assess risk and guiding the clinical interventions of COVID-19 clients.
Assessment of Serum Phosphate in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Mechanical Ventilation and Its Effect on Disease Severity and Mortality
Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe form of respiratory failure, life-threatening condition, characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs and severe hypoxemia with significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of critical care patients who have a high prevalence of hypophosphatemia because of the presence of multiple causal factors . Identification of prognostic biomarker for ARDS as serum phosphate may aid in improving survival. Objective of the study: Evaluate role of hypophosphatemia in disease severity and mortality. Method: prospective study was conducted from 1st of October 2018 to1sof June 2019, on Fifty subjects with ARDS on mechanical ventilation in the intensive care units (ICUs) of medical city hospitals in Baghdad, variable ages, variable risk factors. Serum phosphate level measured for all study sample. Results: Fifty patients with ARDS, 26%mild 50%moderate 24%severe severity, 56% female versus 44% male. The mean age for ARDS was 49.56 ± 20.31 years, aged >50 years (48%). Pneumonia (28%) was common risk factor. 30% hypophosphatemia versus 6% hyperphosphatemia. 60% of study patients were died. There was no significant association between severity of ARDS and S. Phosphate level (P ≥ 0.05). There was significant association between prevalence of mortality and S. Phosphate level (P ≤ 0.05). The cut point of S. Phosphate was 3.1 mg/dL, S. Phosphate < 3.1 mg/dL is predicator for risk of mortality as a large significant area under the curve (AUC= 71.5%) indicating significant association between S. Phosphate level and risk of mortality. S. Phosphate was 80% sensitive, 60% specific, and 72% accurate as a predictor for risk of mortality. Conclusion: Patients with ARDS have low serum phosphate level tend to increase mortality rate. Evaluation the serum phosphate concentration carefully and early detection of hypophosphatemia in patients with ARDS and correcting it to within normal range if possible.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Associations between Social-Media Usage Patterns and Semester CGPA: A Cross-Sectional Study of University of Dhaka Undergraduates
The widespread adoption of social media has significantly reshaped students’ daily lives, particularly in the realm of education. As digital connectivity becomes more embedded in academic routines, understanding its actual impact on student performance has become crucial. While global research has documented both positive and negative associations between social media usage and academic outcomes, evidence from Bangladesh remains scarce. This study addresses that gap by examining how usage patterns-categorized by purpose (education, entertainment, communication) and duration-relate to semester CGPA among undergraduates at the University of Dhaka. A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted using online data collected from 100 students. Statistical analyses, including correlation and multiple regression, were applied to explore associations. The results revealed a strong negative correlation between total weekly usage time and CGPA, indicating that longer time spent on social media generally predicts lower CGPA. However, when social media is used for educational purposes, it shows a moderate and statistically significant positive relationship with semester CGPA. Entertainment-driven usage exhibited a strong negative effect, while communication-related usage showed a weak but positive correlation. Multiple regression confirmed that time spent, educational use, and entertainment use are significant predictors of CGPA, explaining 49,3% of the variation in academic performance. Educational purpose emerged as the only positive predictor among the three, while communication use was not significant in the multivariate model. These findings suggest that social media's impact is not inherently negative or positive but depends on how and why it is used. Students, educators, and policymakers should focus on promoting purposeful and educational use while minimizing distractions linked to entertainment overuse. As the data were drawn from a single institution using convenience sampling, generalizability is limited. Nonetheless, this research provides valuable insights into optimizing digital behavior to support academic success within the Bangladeshi context.
University Enrollment and Graduate Trends: Basis for Long-Term Development Plan
Data on university enrollment and graduates helps determine the demand and effectiveness of programs offered. It will serve as a basis for planning, resource allocation, and strategic development. The study examined the enrollment and graduation trends at Cotabato State University. In particular, the enrollment and graduation trends of Cotabato State University for Academic Years 2018-2019 to 2024–2025, according to levels. The study employed a descriptive research method and documentary analysis. The study reveals that the total enrollment decreased from AY 2018-2019 to AY 2019-2020, following the same pattern as undergraduate enrollment. From 15,085 students in AY 2022-2023 to 21,224 students in AY 2023-2024, enrollment increased significantly. As of AY 2024-2025, the number of students enrolled is the highest, at 24,835. The enrollment trend initially declined, particularly in AY 2019-2020, with a significant 17.8% decrease compared to AY 2018-2019. In the following years, however, there were fluctuations, with AY 2020-2021 reporting an increase of 15.0%, AY 2022-2023 reporting an increase of 9.1%, and AY 2021-2022 reporting a decrease of 11.2%. In addition, during AY 2023-2024, there was a substantial increase of 40.7%. Furthermore, in AY 2024-2025, there was also a 17.0% increase compared to AY 2023-2024. The number of undergraduate graduates shows more fluctuations, with a significant decrease between AY 2018-2019 and AY 2019-2020 from 1,862 to 1,097. Between AY 2019-2020 and AY 2022-2023, the numbers remain relatively stable, with significant increases in AY 2023- 2024 and AY 2024-2025. Overall, the number of graduates increased from 2,034 in AY 2018- 2019 to 2,634 in AY 2024-2025. As the years progressed, there was a gradual increase in AY 2019-2020, followed by a significant decrease in AY 2019-2020. According to these data, the graduate program appears to be growing, especially in AY 2023-2024. The undergraduate program has fluctuated but shown an increase in AY 2024-2025 compared to AY 2018-2019. AY 2019-2020 saw a significant decrease of 31.12%. There are also decreases in the following two years (AY 2020-2021 and AY 2021-2022), although at a slower pace. There was a slight increase in AY 2022-2023, followed by significant increases in AY 2023-2024 (36.62%) and AY 2024-2025 (43.23%). As a result of these data, it can be said that graduation rates dropped significantly at first, but then showed a strong rebound in the later years. It indicates a potential shift in trends or successful initiatives in AY 2023-2024 and AY 2024-2025.
Social Safety Net Programs in Bangladesh: An Impact Study on Education, Health and Decision-Making Process of Women Beneficiaries
Background: Social Safety Net Programs (SSNPs) in Bangladesh, such as the Old Age Allowance (OAA) and Allowances for the Widowed, Deserted, and Destitute Women (AWDDW), aim to alleviate poverty and empower vulnerable populations, particularly women, by providing financial assistance to improve access to education, healthcare, and decision-making. Objectives: This study evaluates the impact of SSNPs on three key areas: (1) children’s education, (2) women’s health, and (3) their participation in household decision-making, aiming to identify areas for program improvement. Methods: A quantitative study was conducted with 180 women beneficiaries across Dhaka and Kurigram districts. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS. Results: The study revealed that 65.6% of women beneficiaries had children currently studying, with 66.1% affirming that the allowance supported their education. A statistically significant relationship was found between children’s education status and the perceived helpfulness of the allowance (P < 0.001), particularly among joint families and larger households. In terms of health, 60.6% of respondents reported poor physical and mental health, and 96.1% spent their allowance on treatment. Among them, 88.9% found it helpful, especially those who were satisfied with the allowance amount (P < 0.001). A strong association was observed between health benefits and other variables such as overcoming financial crises (P < 0.001), promoting social inclusion (P < 0.001), and eliminating gender discrimination (P < 0.001). Notably, women who overcame financial crises and experienced improved social inclusion were more likely to report positive decision-making impacts (P < 0.001). Despite these gains, 11.1% of women felt their opinions remained undervalued, citing unemployment (40%), low societal importance (30%), and financial incapacity (30%) as key reasons.
The Impact of Creative Thinking Application on Employees' Performance at Paramilitary Organization
This study investigates the impact of applying creative thinking on employee performance within paramilitary organizations. In particular, civilian police institutions have demonstrated growing interest in integrating creative thinking as a means to enhance operational efficiency. These organizations have adopted structured policies and decision-making frameworks aligned with innovation-driven training strategies to keep pace with rapid scientific and technological advancements. Effective employee performance in such environments necessitates a foundation of knowledge, coupled with soft and creative skills, within a competency-based training system. A quantitative methodology was employed to assess the influence of creative thinking application on employee outcomes in paramilitary settings. The study focused on a sample of 120 officers from the Palestinian Civil Police. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized through the Amos software to analyze the relationship between the key variables. Findings indicate a significant positive effect of creative thinking application on employee performance. This suggests that performance enhancement in paramilitary contexts is closely tied to knowledge acquisition and creative capability development. To maintain service quality and sustain a competitive edge, organizations must assess employee competencies through scientifically grounded standards focused on functional efficiency and innovation.
Feminist Insights from Gārgī and Maitreyī in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad - A Philosophical Perspective
The Vedic period, in Indian history, is recognized for providing significant opportunities for women’s intellectual engagement, as evidenced by the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, a seminal text of the era. Within this text, the sage Yājñavalkya emerges as a paragon of enlightenment, engaging in profound dialogues with two learned women, Maitreyī and Gārgī. These dialogues serve as the most compelling evidence of women’s scholarly participation during the Vedic period. Maitreyī, as Yājñavalkya’s wife, and Gārgī, as a philosophical interlocutor, demonstrate keen intelligence and a deep commitment to exploring the nature of the self and Brahman. This study, which adopts a feminist analytical framework, highlights the theoretical contributions made by these women within the predominantly male philosophical milieu of the time. By examining their dialogues, this research seeks to illuminate how Maitreyī and Gārgī’s intellectual pursuits shaped the metaphysical and ethical discourse of the Upaniṣads. Furthermore, their efforts to assert their scholarly presence amidst structural constraints offer insights into the women’s intellectual tradition in ancient India. These pioneering figures not only laid the groundwork for future female scholars but also provide a psychological framework for contemporary women to navigate and challenge the structural barriers still present in society today.
Overview Of the Students’ Perception of The Impact of Extracurricular Activities on Academic Performance in Rajshahi University
Engaging in extracurricular activities holds a pragmatic role in shaping students’ academic performance, self-development, and future career prospects. This study investigates perceptions, experiences and challenges which Rajshahi University students are facing regarding their involvement in ECAs and its impact on their academic success. This research study has taken qualitative research approach using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions (FDGs) along with the students actively participating in various ECAs, including cultural organizations, sports, debate clubs, and social service groups of Rajshahi University. The findings reveal that, ECAs enhance students' cognitive development, leadership skills, networking abilities, and academic engagement as well. However, academic pressure, time constraints, and lack of institutional support are the reason of their hindrance. The findings further reveal the Parental and institutional support that significantly influences students' engagement. Nevertheless, excessive involvement in extracurricular activities (ECAs) has positively been found to have impact on students’ learning and personal growth, despite few academic setbacks. Thus, the study suggests that universities should establish structured systems to assist students to manage both academic and extracurricular responsibilities. Additionally, the results provide insightful information that students, university administrators, and educational officials may use to build a more stimulating and well-rounded learning environment.
The Interplay Between Family Caring Attitudes, Teacher Caring Behaviour, and Psychological Well-Being Among College Students in China: A Conceptual Framework
This conceptual paper examines the intricate relationship between family caring attitudes, teacher caring behaviour, and psychological well-being among college students in China, with particular attention to the moderating effects of gender and age. Grounded in a comprehensive review of theoretical frameworks, including Self-Determination Theory, Attachment Theory, Family Systems Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, Social Communication Theory, and Noddings' Caring Education Theory. This paper develops a multidimensional conceptual framework that illuminates how caring dynamics within family and educational environments collectively influence students' psychological development. The framework conceptualises family caring attitudes as encompassing emotional support, communication, supportive environment, and conflict resolution, while teacher caring behaviour comprises emotional support, teacher-student relationships, academic support, and classroom organisation. These dimensions are theorised to affect students' psychological well-being across four key domains: self-acceptance, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, and personal growth. The paper further explores how these relationships may be moderated by gender and age, informed by evidence suggesting demographic variations in how students experience and benefit from caring environments. Formulated in the unique cultural context of Chinese higher education, this conceptual framework provides a foundation for future empirical research and the development of targeted interventions to enhance college students' psychological well being through supportive family and educational environments.