Evaluation of Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anaesthesia with Glycopyrrolate and Butorphanol as Preanaesthetics in Dogs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.21.2.11Keywords:
Dog, Electrocardiogram, Glycopyrrolate, Hypertension, Tiletamine-ZolazepamAbstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of Tiletamine-Zolazepam anaesthesia (8 mg/kg b.wt., IV) with and without Glycopyrrolate, Butorphanol as preanesthetics in dogs undergoing ovario-hysterectomy. The study was conducted in 12 clinical cases of dogs in two groups, viz., A and B with six dogs each. Group A animals were premedicated with Glycopyrrolate (10 µg/kg b.wt., IM) and Butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg b.wt., IM). In Group B no preanesthetics were administered. Onset of sedation was longer in Butorphanol (Group A) premedicated dogs, whereas the induction time, duration of anaesthesia, and recovery time were similar in both groups. Degree of analgesia was slightly longer in Group A. Degree of muscle relaxation and palpebral reflexes scores were almost similar in both the groups. Rectal temperature reduced slightly in both the groups till the end of anaesthetic period. Heart rate, respiratory rate increased significantly in both the groups, however, the values returned to baseline at the end of procedure. Electrocardiogram recorded sinus rhythm and tachycardia under the influence of Glycopyrrolate and Tiletamine. Hypertension was observed till 30th min and returned to baseline at the end of procedure. Haemato-biochemical parameters variations were non-significant in both the groups. Thus, it can be concluded that Tiletamine-Zolazepam can be safely administered to healthy patients undergoing elective surgical procedures, however, addition of Glycopyrrolate and Butorphanol could be helpful in preventing hypersalivation and provide certain extent of analgesia.Downloads
References
Ahmad, R.A., Kinjavdekar, P., Aithal, H.P., Pawde, A.M., & Kumar, D. (2011). Potential use of dexmedetomidine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs. Veterinarni Medicina, 58(2), 87-95.
Anjana, R.R., Parikh, P.V., & Kelawala, D.N. (2021). Effects of tiletamine zolazepam and isoflurane for induction and maintenance in xylazine premedicated dogs. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 17(4), 86-88.
Arya, N., Shukla, B.P., Jain, R., Rajput, N., & Parihar, A. (2021). Haemato biochemical evaluation of glycopyrrolate, dexmedetomidine, butorphanol/buprenorphine as preanesthetic with ketamine
dissociative anesthetic in canines. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10(6), 803-807.
Best, P. (2001). Use of anticholinergics in veterinary anaesthesia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 79(1), 22-23.
Choi, K.H., Lee, J.Y., Jeong, S.M., & Kim, M.C. (2012). Oxidative effects of isoflurane and medetomidine-tiletamine/zolazepam combination in Beagle dogs. Journal of Veterinary Clinics, 29(2), 119-123.
Douet, J.Y., Regnier, A., Dongay, A., Jugant, S., Jourdan, G., & Concordet, D. (2018). Effect of sedation with butorphanol on variables pertaining to the ophthalmic examination in dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 21(5), 452-458.
Dyson, D.H., Maxie, M.G., & Schnurr, D. (1998). Morbidity and mortality associated with anaesthetic management in small animal veterinary practice in Ontario. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 34(4), 325-335.
Hampton, C.E., Riebold, T.W., leblanc, N.L., Scollan, K.F., Mandsager, R.E., & Sisson, D.D. (2019). Effects of intravenous administration of tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, and propofol for induction of anesthesia on cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables in healthy dogs before and during anesthesia maintained with isoflurane. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 80(1), 33-44.
Koli, P.H., Parikh, P.V., Mahla, J.K., & Barot, H.M. (2021). Clinical attributes of tiletamine-zolazepam induced anaesthesia with and without xylazine premedication in dogs. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 17(4), 61-65.
Krimins, R.A., Ko, J.C., Weil, A.B., Payton, M.E., & Constable, P.D. (2012). Hemodynamic effects in dogs after intramuscular administration of a combination of dexmedetomidine butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam or dexmedetomidine butorphanol-ketamine. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 73(9), 1363-1370.
Kucharski, P., Antończyk, A., Prządka, P., Liszka, B., Lachowska, S., & Kiełbowicz, Z. (2022). Clinical usefulness of the anaesthetic protocol using low doses of tiletamine–zolazepam combination in continuous rate infusion as a partial intravenous anaesthesia in bitches undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 49(12), 100664.
Kumar, A., Mann, H.J., & Remmel, R.P. (2006). Pharmacokinetics of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol®) in anesthetized pigs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 29(6), 587-589.
Kwon, Y.S., Joo, E.J., & Jang, K.H. (2003). The clinical effectiveness of atipamezole as a medetomidine-tiletamine/zolazepam antagonist in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Clinics, 20(3), 286-293.
Landry, J., & Maza, P. (2020). Effectiveness of the anaesthetic combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine and xylazine for the sterilisation of street dogs in field clinics. Veterinary Record Case Reports, 8(2), 000953.
Lee, J.Y., Son, S.J., Jang, S., Choi, S., & Cho, D.W. (2018). Antagonistic effect of flumazenil on tiletamine-zolazepam induced anaesthesia in Beagle dogs. Veterinarni Medicina, 63(12), 555-560.
Lu, D.Z., Jiang, S., Yu, S.M., & Fan, H.G. (2014). A comparison of anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine
zolazepam/xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam/ xylazine/ tramadol in dogs. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 34(1), 63-67. Manocha, A., Sharma, K.K., & Mediratta, P.K. (2003). Possible mechanism involved in the anticonvulsant action of butorphanol in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behaviour, 4(2), 343- 350.
Pereira, S.A., Henrique, F.V., Medeiros, L.K., Silva, J.K., Goes, A.B., Vaz, A.F., Souza, A.P., & Nóbrega, P.I. (2019). Anesthetic quality and cardiovascular and respiratory effects of continuous intravenous infusion of tiletamine-zolazepam in bitches. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research, 39, 214-220.
Rajankutty, K. (1995). General Anaesthesia with Tiletamine Zolazepam in Dogs. Ph.D. Thesis. Kerala Agriculture University, Mannuthy, India.
Ranpariya, J.J., Barvalia, D.R., Padaliya, N.R., & Javia, C.B. (2013). Safety and efficacy of butorphanol-acepromazine glycopyrrolate as premedicant combination to midazolam ketamine induction and isoflurane maintenance in canine orthopaedic surgery. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 9(1), 30-34.
Ryden, A., Jensen-Waern, M., Nyman, G., & Olsén, L. (2021). Physiological and clinical responses in pigs in relation to plasma concentrations during anesthesia with dexmedetomidine, tiletamine, zolazepam, and butorphanol. Animals, 11(6), 1482.
Sachin, N. (2018). Comparative evaluation of dexmedtomidine and lorazepam sedation for ketamine-isoflurane anaesthesia in dogs undergoing various surgeries PG Thesis. Karnataka Veterinary Animal and fisheries Sciences University, Bidar.
Saha, D.C., Saha, A.C., Malik, G., Astiz, M.E., & Rackow, E.C. (2007). Comparison of cardiovascular effects of tiletamine–zolazepam, pentobarbital, and ketamine–xylazine in male rats. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 46(2), 74-80.
Savvas, I., Plevraki, K., Raptopoulos, D., & Koutinas, A.F. (2005). Blood gas and acid-base status during tiletamine/zolazepam anaesthesia in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 32(2), 94-100.
Tarraga, K . M ., Spinosa, H. S., & Camacho, A . A . (20 0 0). Electrocardiographic evaluation of two anaesthetic combinations in dogs. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 52, 138-143.
Thurmon, J. C., & Short, C. E. (2014). History and Overview of Veterinary Anaesthesia. In: Lumb and Jones’ Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Edt. Tranquilli, W.J., Thurmon, J.C. and Grimm, K.A. 5th Edn., Blackwell Publications., pp. 3-6.
Wilson, R.P., Zagon, I.S., Larach, D.R., & Lang, C.M. (1992). Antinociceptive properties of tiletamine-zolazepam improved by addition of xylazine or butorphanol. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behaviour, 43(4), 1129-1133.
Wilson, R.P., Zagon, I.S., Larach, D.R., & Lang, C.M. (1993). Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of tiletamine zolazepam. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behaviour, 44(1), 1-8.
Won, H.S., Lee, J.Y., Jeong, S.M., Lee, S.J., Park, C.S., & Kim, M.C. (2010). Antagonistic effects of flumazenil on tiletamine-zolazepam induced anaesthesia in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Clinics, 27(4), 336-342.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
