In Vitro Assessment of Acaricidal and Reproductive Inhibitory Effects of Allium Sativum Clove Extracts against Rhipicephalus microplus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.21.4.12Keywords:
Acaricidal AIT, Allium sativum, Crude extracts, LPT, Rhipicephalus microplusAbstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the in vitro efficacy of crude aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic extracts of Allium sativum (garlic cloves) against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks, with a focus on their potential as novel botanical agents for tick control. Bioassays were conducted on both fully engorged adult female ticks and larval stages using extract concentrations ranging from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL. While adult and larval mortality was limited, a notable dose-dependent reduction in egg-laying capacity was observed in treated female ticks compared to the untreated control group. This reproductive inhibition, revealed through the adult immersion test (AIT), highlights a promising sublethal effect of A. sativum extracts. The larval packet test (LPT) yielded LC50 values of 88.43, 44.04, and 171.1 mg/mL for aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic extracts, respectively. Despite the modest direct acaricidal activity, these findings underscore the potential of A. sativum to impair tick fecundity and contribute to integrated tick management strategies. The observed interference with tick reproduction warrants further research into optimizing extract formulation and exploring synergistic combinations for enhanced efficacy.
Downloads
References
Abbas, R. Z., Zaman, M. A., Colwell, D. D., Gilleard, J., & Iqbal, Z. (2014). Acaricide resistance in cattle ticks and approaches to its management: The state of play. Veterinary Parasitology, 203(1–2), 6–20.
Aboelhadid, S. M., Kamel, A. A., Arafa, W. M., & Shokier, K. A. (2013). Effect of Allium sativum and Allium cepa oils on different stages of Boophilus annulatus. Parasitology Research, 112, 1883–1890.
Ainsworth, E. A., & Gillespie, K. M. (2007). Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nature Protocol, 2(4), 875–877.
Amagase, H., Petesch, B. L., Matsuura, H., Kasuga, S., & Itakura, Y. (2001). Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(3), 955S–962S.
Ankri, S., & Mirelman, D. (1999). Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and Infection, 1(2), 125–129.
Benelli, G., Pavela, R., Canale, A., Mehlhorn, H., & Maggi, F. (2016). Tick repellents and acaricides of botanical origin: A green roadmap to control tick-borne diseases. Parasitology Research, 115(7), 2545–2560.
Bhowmik, P., Isalm, S., De, A., Behera, D., Debbarma, A., & Datta, S. (2024). Acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus infested dogs in Agartala, Tripura. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 20(5), 82–86.
Bozin, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Samojlik, I., Goran, A., & Igic, R. (2008). Phenolics as antioxidants in garlic (Allium sativum L., Alliaceae). Food Chemistry, 111(4), 925–929.
Drummond, R. E. A., Ernst, S. E., Trevino, J. L., Gladney, W. J., & Graham, O. H. (1973). Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus: Laboratory tests of insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 66(1), 130–133.
El-Kamali, H. H. (2009). Evaluation of the toxic effect of aqueous extracts of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale on Hyalomma anatolicum ticks. International Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(3), 113–115.
FAO. (1984). Acaricide resistance: Test kit instructions for use. World Acaricide Resistance Reference Centre (WARCC), Berlin.
George, J. E., Pound, J. M., & Davey, R. B. (2004). Chemical control of ticks on cattle and the resistance of these parasites to acaricides. Parasitology, 129(S1), S353–S366.
Ghosh, S., Azhahianambi, P., & Yadav, M. P. (2007). Upcoming and future strategies of tick control: A review. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 44(2), 79–89.
Iqbal, F., Hussain, A., Latif, M., & Shaheen, L. (2014). In vitro acaricidal activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Allium sativum (garlic) against Rhipicephalus microplus. Journal of Applied and Environmental Biological Sciences, 4(9), 125–130.
Kumar, M., Saravanan, M., Kumari, K. N., Mahfooz, M., & Kumar, R. (2022). Comparative evaluation of Allium sativum and Azadirachta indica extracts against Rhipicephalus microplus. Biological Rhythm Research, 53(9), 1305–1313.
Mandloi, U. K., Jayraw, A. K., Haque, M., & Jamra, N. (2016). Prevalence of Ixodid ticks in cattle population of Indore, Madhya Pradesh. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Science & Biotechnology, 12(2), 62–65.
Meriga, B., Mopuri, R., & MuraliKrishna, T. (2012). Insecticidal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bulb extract of Allium sativum. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5(5), 391–395.
Nasreen, N., Niaz, S., Khan, A., Zaman, M. A., Ayaz, S., Naeem, H., & Elgorban, A. M. (2020). The potential of Allium sativum and Cannabis sativa extracts for anti-tick activities against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 82, 281–294.
Noaman, V., & Bahreininejad, B. (2024). Evaluation of the acaricide activity of extracts from eight species of medicinal plants on larvae of Hyalomma anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 27(2), 102231.
Redfern, J., Kinninmonth, M., Burdass, D., & Verran, J. (2014). Using soxhlet ethanol extraction to produce and test plant material (essential oils) for their antimicrobial properties. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, 15(1), 45–46.
Rodriguez-Vivas, R. I., Jonsson, N. N., & Bhushan, C. (2018). Strategies for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in a world of conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1), 1–20.
Sangwan, A. K., Sangwan, N., Soni, J. L., & Ghosh, S. (2021). Acaricide resistance status and resistance management in ticks infesting animals in India: A review. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 91(2), 83–95.
Shyma, K. P., Gupta, J. P., Ghosh, S., Patel, K. K., & Singh, V. (2014). Acaricidal effect of herbal extracts against cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus using in vitro studies. Parasitology Research, 113, 1919–1926.
Walker, A. R. (2003). Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa: A Guide to Identification of Species. Bioscience Reports, Vol. 74. Edinburgh.
Yang, J., Meyers, K. J., Van Der Heide, J., & Liu, R. H. (2004). Varietal differences in phenolic content and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of onions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(22), 6787–6793.
Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4), 555–559.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
