Deciphering Timira: A Critical appraisal of Visual Pathologies in Ayurveda

Abstract

Introduction: Visual disturbances are prevalent in ophthalmic practice, significantly impacting daily life. Ayurveda  classifies such disorders under Drishtigata Rogas, with Timira being a primary condition characterized by progressive  vision loss due to Dosha accumulation in the eye’s Patalas (layers). Methods: This review analyzes classical Ayurvedic texts – Sushruta Samhita, Charaka Samhita, and Ashtanga  Hridaya—to elucidate Timira’s etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features. The Nidana Panchaka framework  (causative factors, prodromal symptoms, clinical features, therapeutic assessment, and pathogenesis) guides the  understanding of Timira’s progression and management. Results: Timira progresses as vitiated Doshas ascend through Rupavaha Siras into the ocular Patalas, causing  sequential visual deterioration across four stages – from blurred vision (early refractive errors) to complete blindness  (optic nerve damage). Dosha-specific features include Vataja: motion-like haziness, Pittaja: Light flashes and  halos, Kaphaja: dull, cloudy vision, and Raktaja: multicolored darkness. These manifestations align with modern  conditions, such as myopia, cataracts, and retinal diseases. Conclusion: Ayurveda’s detailed classification of Timira offers a comprehensive framework for understanding visual  disorders. The correlation between Timira’s stages and modern ophthalmic conditions underscores the potential  of integrative approaches in diagnosis and treatment, bridging traditional knowledge with contemporary eye care  practices.